Ch+6+FP-module 5

What is the capacity to perform work in biological systems called?

Energy.

What type of energy is the energy of motion?

Kinetic energy.

What is potential energy?

Stored energy due to position or structure.

What is chemical energy?

A form of potential energy stored in bonds.

What does the First Law of Thermodynamics state?

Energy is neither created nor destroyed, only transformed.

What does the Second Law of Thermodynamics imply about energy conversions?

Some energy is lost as heat, increasing entropy.

What are the starting materials in a chemical reaction called?

Reactants.

In a chemical equation, where are products listed?

On the right side of the arrow.

What type of reactions release energy, usually with higher energy reactants and lower energy products?

Exergonic reactions.

What is an example of an exergonic reaction?

Cellular respiration.

What is an endergonic reaction?

A reaction that requires an input of energy.

Which process adds energy from sunlight to produce high-energy sugars?

Photosynthesis.

What does cell metabolism consist of?

Anabolic and catabolic reactions.

What is ATP and its role in the cell?

A modified nucleotide used as energy currency for cellular activities.

What does the ATP cycle involve?

Generation of ATP from respiration and its breakdown to release energy.

What do enzymes do in biochemical reactions?

They lower the energy of activation (Ea) and speed up reactions.

What is a substrate in an enzymatic reaction?

A reactant that fits into the enzyme's active site.

What is induced fit?

The change in shape of an enzyme's active site to hold substrates more firmly.

How are enzymes commonly named?

After their substrate or metabolic role with the suffix 'ase'.

What happens to enzymes at extreme temperatures or pH levels?

They denature and lose their function.

What is the impact of enzyme concentration on reaction speed?

Increased concentration increases speed, until a maximum is reached.

What are competitive inhibitors?

Substances that block the active site of an enzyme.

What is feedback inhibition?

A process where the end product of a pathway inhibits an earlier enzyme.

What is oxidation in redox reactions?

The loss of electrons.

What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis?

Sun energy + 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2.

What is the chemical equation for respiration?

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP.

Photosynthesis occurs in the ______ of plant cells.

chloroplasts.

The main pigment involved in photosynthesis is ______.

chlorophyll.

The process by which cells break down glucose to produce ATP is called ______.

cellular respiration.

In respiration, glucose is broken down in the presence of ______ to produce energy.

oxygen.

The ______ is the energy currency of the cell.

ATP.

Enzymes work by ______ the activation energy required for a reaction.

lowering.

The ______ cycle in cellular respiration produces NADH and FADH2.

Krebs.

______ reactions consume energy to build larger molecules from smaller ones.

Anabolic.

The ______ reaction of cellular respiration breaks glucose into two molecules of pyruvate.

glycolysis.

When the end product of a reaction inhibits an earlier step in the pathway, it is called ______ inhibition.

feedback.