ATI TEAS

1 lb

16 oz

1 pt

2 cups

1 gal

4 qts/16 cups

1 ton

2000 lbs

1 m

3.28 ft

1 in

2.54 cm

1 oz

28.35 g

1 mi

5280 ft

Microorganisms

Organisms too small to see without a microscope

Pathogen

Disease-causing microorganism

Bacteria

Single-celled prokaryotes; some cause disease

Viruses

Nonliving particles with DNA or RNA; require host cells

Protozoa

Single-celled eukaryotes

Fungi

Eukaryotes like molds and yeast

Parasites

Organisms that live on or in a host

Infectious disease

Disease that spreads between people

Non-infectious disease

Disease that does not spread; caused by lifestyle/genetics

Transmission

Spread of disease (contact, air, fluids)

Microscope

Tool used to see microorganisms

Light microscope

Uses light to view specimens

Electron microscope

Uses electrons; highest magnification and resolution

Macromolecules

Large biological molecules made of repeating monomers

Monomers

Small building blocks that join to form polymers

Polymers

Large molecules formed by linking many monomers together

Dehydration synthesis

Reaction that builds polymers by removing water and forming covalent bonds

Hydrolysis

Reaction that breaks polymers into monomers by adding water

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

Molecule that stores and provides energy for cells

Carbohydrates

Macromolecules made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen used for energy and structure

Monosaccharides

Simple sugars that are the monomers of carbohydrates (ex: glucose)

Disaccharides

Two monosaccharides joined together (ex: sucrose)

Polysaccharides

Long chains of sugars used for energy storage or structure

Glucose

A common monosaccharide used as a primary energy source

Glycogen

Storage form of glucose in animals (liver and muscles)

Starch

Storage form of carbohydrates in plants

Cellulose

Structural carbohydrate found in plant cell walls

Carbohydrate function

Provide quick energy and structural support

Lipids

Hydrophobic macromolecules used for energy storage, insulation, and cell membranes

Fatty acids

Long hydrocarbon chains that make up lipids

Glycerol

Molecule that forms the backbone of fats

Triglycerides

Lipids made of glycerol and three fatty acids

Phospholipids

Lipids that form cell membranes with a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails

Steroids

Lipids with four-ring structures used as hormones (ex: cholesterol)

Lipid function

Long-term energy storage, insulation, and membrane structure

Hydrophobic

Substance that repels water

Proteins

Polymers made of amino acids that perform many cellular functions

Amino acids

Monomers of proteins with a central carbon, amine group, carboxyl group, and side chain

Peptide bond

Bond that links amino acids together

Protein structure

Determined by sequence of amino acids

Fibrous proteins

Structural proteins that are not water-soluble (ex: keratin, collagen)

Globular proteins

Functional proteins that are water-soluble (ex: enzymes, hemoglobin)

Enzymes

Proteins that speed up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy

Active site

Region of enzyme where substrate binds

Substrate

Molecule that an enzyme acts upon

Protein function

Structure, transport, signaling, and catalysis

Nucleic acids

Macromolecules that store and transmit genetic information

Nucleotides

Monomers of nucleic acids made of sugar, phosphate, and nitrogen base

DNA

Double-stranded nucleic acid that stores genetic information

RNA

Single-stranded nucleic acid involved in protein synthesis

Nitrogen bases (DNA)

Adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine

Nitrogen bases (RNA)

Adenine, uracil, guanine, cytosine

Genetic code

Sequence of nucleotides that determines protein structure

Nucleic acid function

Store genetic information and direct protein synthesis

Macromolecule synthesis

Built by dehydration reactions and broken down by hydrolysis

Structure-function relationship

The shape and structure of macromolecules determine their function

Genetic material

DNA that stores hereditary information and directs protein synthesis

Chromosomes

Structures made of tightly coiled DNA wrapped around histone proteins

Prokaryotic chromosomes

Single circular chromosome found in bacteria

Eukaryotic chromosomes

Multiple linear chromosomes found in cells with a nucleus

Human chromosome number

46 chromosomes (23 pairs)

Genes

Segments of DNA that code for proteins or regulate protein production

Structural genes

Genes that code directly for proteins

Regulatory genes

Genes that control gene expression by turning genes on or off

Gene expression

Process of activating specific genes to produce proteins

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

Double-helix molecule that contains genetic instructions

Structure of DNA

Double helix made of a sugar-phosphate backbone and nitrogen bases

Nucleotides

Building blocks of DNA made of sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogen base

Nitrogen bases in DNA

Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C)

Base pairing rules

Adenine pairs with thymine, and guanine pairs with cytosine

Complementary strands

DNA strands that follow base-pairing rules

Hydrogen bonds

Weak bonds that hold complementary DNA bases together

Antiparallel strands

DNA strands run in opposite directions (5' to 3' and 3' to 5')

Codon

Sequence of three nucleotides that codes for an amino acid or stop signal

Chromatid

One of two identical copies of a replicated chromosome

DNA replication

Process of copying DNA before cell division

Mutation

Permanent change in DNA sequence (substitution, insertion, deletion)

Effects of mutations

Can be harmless, harmful, or cause diseases

RNA (ribonucleic acid)

Single-stranded molecule involved in protein synthesis

RNA bases

Adenine (A), Uracil (U), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C)

Difference between DNA and RNA

RNA is single-stranded and uses uracil instead of thymine

mRNA (messenger RNA)

Carries genetic instructions from DNA to ribosomes

tRNA (transfer RNA)

Brings amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis

rRNA (ribosomal RNA)

Forms part of ribosomes and helps assemble proteins

Transcription

Process of copying DNA into mRNA in the nucleus

Template strand

DNA strand used to build mRNA during transcription

Translation

Process where ribosomes read mRNA to build proteins

Ribosomes

Organelles that assemble proteins using mRNA instructions

Anticodon

Three-base sequence on tRNA that pairs with an mRNA codon

Peptide bond

Bond that links amino acids together in a protein

Protein synthesis

Process of making proteins through transcription and translation

Genome

Complete set of genetic material in an organism