Movement Science Exam 1

Types of joints

1) fibrous

2) cartilaginous

3) synovial

Types of synovial joints

• pivot (head)

• hinge

• saddle (thumb)

• plane (tarsal/foot bones)

• condyloid (wrist bones)

• ball and socket

Primary/kyphotic curve

• thoracic

• sacral

Secondary/lordotic curve

• cervical

• lumbar

Atlanto-occipital joint

• between skull and C1

• condyloid

• flexion + extension of head

medial atlantoaxial joint

• between c1, c2 and dens

• pivot

• rotation

lateral atlantoaxial joints

• plane

• rotation around dens

Anterior Longitudinal Ligament (ALL)

on anterior surface of vertebral bodies

Posterior Longitudinal Ligament (PLL)

on posterior surfaces of vertebral bodies inside the canal

supraspinous ligament

on spinous process

ligamentum nuchae

expansion of cervical region

interspinous ligaments

between neighboring spinous process

nucleous pulposus

gel central region in the intervertebral disc, shock absorption & pressure distribution

annulus fibrosis

outer fibrocartilaginous layer, resists outward pressure/tension

Zygophyseal joints

 

Joints between the superior and inferior articular processes of adjacent vertebrae

Scapular movements

1) Protraction

2) Retraction

3) Elevation

4) Depression

Scapular arterial supply

• subclavian

• thyrocervical trunk

• suprascapular

• axillary

• subscapular

• circumflex scapular

• thoracodorsal

• dorsal scapular

anastomosis

a network where arteries connect with one another, meaning there can be more than one arterial route in a region

Rotator cuff muscles

1) supraspinatus

2) infraspinatus

3) teres minor

4) subscapularis

3 major columns of erector spinae

medial → lateral

1) spinalis

2) longissimus

3) spinalus

Parts of the transversospinalis

1) semispinalis

• capitis

• cervicus

2) multifidus

3) rotatores

• rotor brevis

• rotator longus

transverse ligament

holds the dens against anterior arch of C1

maintains pivot movement of head

C2 spondylosis/Hangman’s fracture

caused by sudden hyperextension, injures the spinal cord/brain stem

4 suboccipital muscles

1) obliquus capitus superior

2) obliquus capitus inferior

3) rectus capitus posterior major

4) rectus capitus posterior minor

What 3 muscles form the suboccipital triange?

Rectus capitis posterior major

Obliquus capitis superior

Obliquus capitis inferior

Central Nervous System (CNS)

• brain and spinal cord

• processes info

Peripheral Nervous system (PNS)

• cranial nerves, spinal nerves & ganglia

• communication lines (CNS → rest of body)

Afferent

Sensory comes in, tells the brain what’s happening

ARRIVES at CNS

Efferent

Motor info going OUT

Gives the instructions

EXITS the CNS

somatic nervous system

the body

• skeletal muscles

• bones

• joints

• tendons

• ligaments

visceral nervous system

internal organs/guts

• muscle

• blood vessels

• glands

The 4 types of neurons

1) General Somatic Afferent

2) general somatic efferent

3) general visceral afferent

4) general visceral efferent

general somatic afferent (GSA)

sensory info goes to skin/musculoskeletal system

general somatic efferent (GSE)

motor supply to musculoskeletal

general visceral afferent (GVA)

sensory goes to internal organs

general visceral efferent

motor control to internal organs/glands

neuron anatomy

1) cell body

2) fibers

Gray matter (CNS)

neuron cell bodies that processes info

White matter (CNS)

neuron fibers, communication tells things what to do

Ganglion (PNS)

cell bodies in the PNS (grey matter equivalent to CNS)

Nerves (PNS)

neuron fibers (equivalent to white matter in CNS)

grey matter horns

1) dorsal horn

2) ventral horn

dorsal horn

• towards the back

• sensory

• afferent

ventral horn

• towards the front

• motor

• efferent

Roots

where nerve fibers connect the spinal cord to a spinal nerve

1) dorsal root

2) ventral root

Dorsal root

• carries sensory info to spinal cord

• afferent

• sensory

Ventral root

• carries motor commands out the spinal cord

• efferent

• motor

Spinal nerve

mixed: contains both dorsal & ventral roots (sensory + motor)

Spinal nerve rami

1) dorsal ramus

2) ventral ramus

*rami are both sensory & motor!

dorsal ramus

innervates back

ventral ramus

innervates everything else asides from the back

conus medullaris

cone shaped ending of the spinal cord (L1-L2)

Spinal cord enlargements

1) cervical enlargement

2) lumbar enlargement

spinal cord segments

regions of cord associated with specific spinal nerves

i.e. lumbar spinal cord segment, sacral cord segments

cauda equina

a bundle of spinal nerves and nerve roots located below the base of the spinal cord

meninges

protective connecting tissue that surrounds and protects the spinal cord

the 3 meninges

1) dura matter

2) arachnoid matter

3) pia matter

dura matter

outermost layer, thick and protective

arachnoid matter

thin and delicate, web like appearance

pia matter

innermost layer

3 spaces around the meninges

1) epidural space

2) subdural space

3) subarachnoid space

epidural space

outside dura matter, fat and veins

subdural space

between dura and arachnoid

subarachnoid space

between arachnoid & pia, contains CSF

Meninges & space from outside to inside

epidural space

dura matter

subdural space

arachnoid

subarachnoid space

pia matter

Two structures that stabilize the spinal cord

1) denticulate ligaments (lateral)

2) filum terminale (end)

lumbar cistern

where lumbar puncture is done, mostly CSF and cauda equina roots

segmental medullary arteries

arteries that enter the spinal canal at different levels to help refill the blood supply to the spinal cord (1 anterior, 2 posterior)

artery of Adamkiewicz

largest segmental medullary artery that supplies lumbar & sacral spinal cord

4 major upper limb compartments

1) anterior arm

2) anterior forearm

3) posterior arm

4) posterior forearm

anterior arm (action & innervation)

• flex arm/forearm

• musculocutaneous nerve

anterior forearm (action & innervation)

• flex wrist, fingers and pronators

• median & ulnar nerve

posterior arm (action & innervation)

• extend arm and forearm

• radial nerve

posterior forearm (action & innervation)

• extends wrist, fingers & supinator

• radial nerve

compartment syndrome

a serious medical condition caused by a dangerous build-up of pressure inside an enclosed group of muscles, nerves, and blood vessels

5 major arterial pathways of upper limb

1) subclavian

2) axillary

3) brachial

4) radial

5) ulnar

compartment blood supply for anterior arm

brachial artery

compartment blood supply for posterior arm

deep brachial artery

compartment blood supply for forearm

radial & ulnar arteries

3 superficial veins (arm)

1) cephalic

2) basilic

3) medial cubital

dermatome

an area of skin supplies by a single spinal cord level

myotome

muscle mass innervate by a single spinal cord segment

brachial plexus

network of nerves supplying the upper limb (C5-T1)

winged scapula

condition where your scapula stick out from the back instead of lying flat against the ribcage

• caused by long thoracic nerve injury, causes serratus anterior paralysis, scapula no longer held tightly against thoracic wall