Infection Drugs Flashcards

Flashcards for reviewing anti-infective drugs, including antibiotics, antifungals, antiprotozoals, and antivirals.

Antibiotics

Drugs used to treat bacterial infections.

Antifungals

Drugs used to treat fungal infections.

Antiprotozoals

Drugs used to treat protozoal infections.

Antivirals

Drugs used to treat viral infections.

Bactericidal

Anti-infectives that destroy infective pathogens.

Bacteriostatic

Anti-infectives that prevent pathogens from reproducing.

Narrow Spectrum

Anti-infectives that are effective against a small group of pathogens.

Broad Spectrum

Anti-infectives that are effective against many pathogens.

Nephrotoxicity

Kidney dysfunction or renal failure caused by some anti-infectives.

Hepatitis

Liver inflammation or failure caused by some anti-infectives.

Neurotoxicity

Nerve tissue damage caused by some anti-infectives accumulating in those tissues.

Superinfection

Infection caused by opportunistic pathogens invading tissues after healthy bacteria is wiped out by antibiotics.

Penicillin

First antibiotic introduced for clinical use; interferes with bacteria's ability to build cell walls.

Penicillinase

Enzyme synthesized by bacteria to counteract the effects of penicillin.

Beta-Lactam Ring

Unique property of penicillin antibiotics in the molecular structure.

Gram-Positive Bacteria

Bacteria with a thick cell wall that stains purple in a Gram stain.

Gram-Negative Bacteria

Bacteria with a thin cell wall and an outer membrane that stains pink in a Gram stain.

Renal Impairment

Reduced kidney function, requiring cautious use and dose adjustments for penicillin antibiotics.

Aminopenicillins

A type of penicillin that can treat more gram-negative infections.

Antipseudomonal Penicillins

Penicillins with the widest spectrum of activity, effective against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.

Natural Penicillins

Original form of penicillin.

Penicillinase-Resistant Antibiotics

Modified versions of natural penicillin to counteract the effects of penicillinase.

Amoxicillin

An aminopenicillin used for a broad spectrum of uses in adults and children.

Ampicillin

An aminopenicillin with a broad spectrum of activity.

Piperacillin

An antipseudomonal penicillin used to treat infections.

Hyperkalemia

Elevated potassium levels, a potential adverse effect of high doses of penicillin G.

Hypernatremia

Elevated sodium levels, a potential adverse effect of IV ticarcillin-clavulanate.

Anaphylaxis

Severe allergic reaction that can occur with penicillin use, presenting with dyspnea and oral swelling.

Cross-Reactivity

Allergic reaction to cephalosporins due to similarity in structure to penicillins.

Aminoglycosides

Bactericidal antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis, primarily treating aerobic gram-negative bacilli.

Ototoxicity

Adverse effect of aminoglycosides, causing hearing loss and loss of balance due to vestibular apparatus toxicity.

Nephrotoxicity

Adverse effect of aminoglycosides, causing acute tubular necrosis.

Neuromuscular Blockade

Complication of aminoglycosides, especially when combined with anesthetics or NMBs, leading to paralysis.

Carbapenems

Bactericidal antibiotics that inhibit cell membrane synthesis and are effective against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.

C. Diff

Carbapenems can commonly cause C. Diff.

Seizures

Carbapenems can cause an increased risk of seizures when combined with valproic acid.

Cephalosporins

Beta-lactam antibiotics similar to penicillins, effective against a range of bacteria.

Beta-Lactamase

Enzyme that destroys beta-lactam antibiotics, cephalosporins are less susceptible to beta-lactamase destruction as generations increase.

Ceftriaxone

A cephalosporin eliminated in the liver rather than the urine.

Cefazolin

A first generation cephalosporin.

Cholecystitis

Inflammation of the gallbladder, is an adverse effect of ceftriaxone.

Thrombophlebitis

Inflammation of a vein associated with thrombus formation can be an adverse effect of cephalosporins

Fluoroquinolones

Synthetic, broad-spectrum, bactericidal antibiotics that interfere with DNA enzymes.

Tendinitis

Inflammation of a tendon, is a serious adverse effect of fluoroquinolones, particularly Achilles tendon rupture.

Peripheral Neuropathy

Damage to peripheral nerves, is a serious adverse effect of fluoroquinolones.

QT Interval

Cardiac adverse effect of fluoroquinolones.

Phototoxicity

Severe skin reaction to sunlight, is an adverse effect of fluoroquinolones.

Cipro

An increased risk of C. diff with taking this medication.

Sulfonamides

Antibiotics that inhibit folic acid synthesis and are effective against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.

Teratogenic

Highly teratogenic, meaning it can cause birth defects.

Kernicterus

Brain damage in newborns due to jaundice, is a contraindication for sulfonamide use during pregnancy and lactation.

Crystalluria

Collection of crystalline in the kidneys/ureters/bladder causing irritation/obstruction developing into AKI, is an adverse effect of sulfonamides.

Blood Dyscrasias

Blood disorders (hemolytic anemia, aplastic anemia, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia) can be adverse effects of sulfonamides.

Stevens-Johnson Syndrome

Severe skin and mucous membrane reaction, is a rare but serious allergic reaction to sulfonamides.

Photosensitivity

increased sensitivity of the skin to sunlight.

Tetracyclines

Bacteriostatic antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis, effective against a broad spectrum of bacteria.

Chelates

Nonabsorbable compounds formed by tetracyclines with milk products, calcium, iron, magnesium, and antacids.

Esophageal Ulceration

Pill esophagitis is an adverse effect of tetracyclines.

Hepatotoxicity

Fatal can be reported with administration of tetracyclines.

Lincosamides

Bacteriostatic antibiotics that interfere in protein synthesis of gram-positive bacteria and some anaerobic bacteria.

Lipoglycopeptides

Semisynthetic antibiotics that inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis, effective against susceptible strains of gram-positive organisms.

Vancomycin

Semisynthetic drug that is an original drug of Lipoglycopeptides.

Redman Syndrome

Flushing, sweating, hypotension.

Macrolides

Bacteriostatic antibiotics that slow growth of organisms by inhibiting protein synthesis.

Erythromycin

Given with meals.

QT Interval

Potential adverse effect of macrolides (prolonged).

Monobactam

Bactericidal antibiotic effective against gram-negative enterobacteria, destroys bacterial cell walls.

Aztreonam

An example of a monobactam.

MRSA

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

Linezolid

Bacteriostatic/bactericidal.

Thrombocytopenia

Caution of this adverse effect of linezolid.

Quinupristin/dalfopristin

Inhibits bacteria protein synthesis.

Mycobacteria

Pathogen that causes tuberculosis and leprosy.

Acid-Fast

Mycobacteria are can hold a stain even when a destaining agent is applied, therefore referred to as an acid-fast bacteria.

Rifampin

Can cause orange/copper tinted discoloration of body fluids.

Antiprotozoals

Medications that are used for parasitic infections.

Metronidazole

Broad-spectrum antimicrobial, bactericidal, for anaerobic micro-organisms.

Giardiasis

Protozoal infection (intestinal amebiasis).

Trichomoniasis

Protozoal infection that Metronidazole can treat.

Gardnerella Vaginalis

Anaerobic bacterial infection that Metronidazole can treat.

Disulfiram

Any alcohol will cause a dilsulfiram –like reaction (facial flushing, vomiting, dyspnea, tachycardia).

Antifungals

Medications that are used for fungal infections.

Candidiasis

A systemic fungal infection.

Aspergillosis

A systemic fungal infection.

Ringworm

Superficial fungal infection.

Onychomycosis

Superficial fungal infection.

Thrombophlebitis

Can be a reaction to Antifungals.

Nephrotoxicity

Can be caused by taking antifungals.

Hypokalemia

Potassium electrolyte imbalance that can occur with antifungal medications.

Hyperkalemia

Potassium electrolyte imbalance that can occur with antifungal medications.

Amphotericin B

Highly toxic, reserved for life threatening fungal infections.

Ketoconazole

Adverse effects with this medication are, sex hormone imbalance.

Antivirals

Medications that are used for viral infections.

HSV

Herpes Simplex Virus.

Acyclovir

Medication to treat HSV and Shingles.

CMV

CytoMegalo Virus

Ganciclovir

Medication to treat CMV

Oseltamivir

Medication to treat Influenza A and B.

Interferon alfa-2B

Medication to treat Hepatitis B and C.

Lamivudine

Medication to treat Hepatitis B and C.