Outline of World War One (very very summarised)
July 1914 The war begins
thinks it will be over by Christmas
the war was fought on several fronts and germany wanted to avoid this so came up with the schlieffen plan
German troops would march through Belgium, beat france and then move to russia
they did not expect to meet resistance in belgium and the plan failed (they did occupy parts of northern France)
Battle of the Marne (won by French)
methods of defence were far superior than methods of attack and it was clear that the war was now going to last a long time.
november 1914 First battle of Ypres
1915 Stalemate neither side could break through the defences
April 1915 second Battle of Ypres
poison gas used effectively on the british but also affected the germans
February 1916 attack on Verdun (not to win land but to exhaust the french âbleed them whiteâ)
some german troops left to fight in the battle of the somme July 1st - november 1916
verdun was a failure for germany but there were many casualities on both sides
Battle of the Somme : series of attacks led by British General Haig
first attack started with the heaviest use of artillery ever but did not work (mines off too early, shells not exploding)
second attack with tanks, both attacks failed and resulted in huge british casualties
1916 conscription introduced (1841) not including those working in vital industries
casualities at the somme were incredibly high
1915 american ship (lusitania) sunk by germans
1917 germans begin unrestricted submarine warfare
british picked up a message going to mexico of Germany asking for military support against america
american public now support going to war with germany
April 4th - declare war on germany
battle of passchendale (3rd Ypres) July-november 1917
October 1917 Russia becomes communist and leaves the war
two million us soldiers joined the allies and things were not looking too good for Germany
Naval blockade weakening the German public
1918 Ludendorff plan results in failure and many casualties
October 1918 German military leaders realise they must surrender (due to loss of morale, discipline and starvation)
11th november armistice day (ceasefire)
armistice was signed with german troops on belgium soil and therefore the government were viewed as the ânovember criminalsâ
Which countries made up the Triple Entente (the allies)?
Great Britain, France, Russia
Which countries made up the Central Powers (triple alliance)?
Germany, Austria, Italy
Why did the Allies win WW1?
America joining with two million troops
Strong Empires with troops
British winning the naval arms race and the naval blockade preventing the german poulation from getting food
Germany having to fight a war on two fronts
Use of tanks and improved technological weaponry, air superiority
loss of German morale
How did the First World War affect Britain?
Previously the great creditor nation of the world, now no longer the worldâs financial centre.
The Empire beginning to decline with rising nationalist demands for independence
Women finally got the right to vote
Distribution of income shifted in favour of the working class
class differences changed, aristocracy diminished and a rise of the labour party
886,000 men lost, a million including the empire
How did the First World War affect France?
leadership vacumn due to casualties
loss of population
property damage due to western front on french soil
bombed and occupied
1.4 million deaths
How did the First World War affect the USA?
117,000 deaths
Did not suffer as much due to being overseas and joining later
war stimulated the us economy, increased employment wages.
now the worldâs creditor nation
republicans want to go back to isolationism
How did the First World War affect Germany?
severe economic difficulties and demand for reparations caused despair and hardship
loss of morale
over 10 million deaths
huge decrease in industrial output
huge shortage of raw materials
lack of patriotism
changes hard to accept
people resented the armistice
kaiser abdicated
hurt pride
What was the Paris Peace Conference?
It was a formal meeting in Jan 1919 Paris of the victorious allies (France,Britain, USA, Italy, Japan) after the end of ww1 to set the peace terms for the defeated central powers.
Soviet Russia not invited following the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917
defeated powers were excluded from the negotiations
The Versailles Settlement is a term to describe the entire peace settlement (all the treaties)
Who were the Big Three?
George Clemenceau PM of France
David Lloyd- George PM of GB
Woodrow Wilson - President of USA
What were the motives and aims of Clemenceau at Versailles
a tough politician with a reputation for being uncompromising
to cripple germany so that it would no longer be a threat to France (canât invade gain, in the past 50 yrs theyâd been invaded twice)
make germany pay for the suffering it had caused france
expensive rebuilding would need funds as compensation (reparations)
to control Germanyâs industrial Rhineland - wants it to become an independent Buffer state
What were the motives and aims of Lloyd-George at Versailles?
an effective politician that knew they would have to come to some form of compromise (âpiggy in the middle"â)
to weaken Germany but not to much as he hoped that britain and germany would begin trading again (britains second biggest trading partner prior to ww1)
compensation for france to b rebuilt but not so much so that franceâs resources would rival those of britain
germany to lose itâs empire and navy
avoid any future wars
strong germany as a barrier to communism
under pressure from British gov. and people to treat germany harshly due to high death toll and bombings
freedom of the seas
not so keen on self-determination because that would affect the empire
What were the motives of Woodrow Wilson at Versailles?
An idealist and reformer and democrat, America had not suffered much so not so passionate about making Germany pay.
to weaken Germany but not so far that it would not be able to recover from the devastation of the war. Wilson was convinced that if Germany was weakened too far it would one day want revenge on itâs enemies in WW1
To encourage nations to cooperate for world peace
establisment of the league of nations
to achieve self determination for all the peoples of eastern europe
an end to empires
(14 points)
disarmament
What were the fourteen points?
Open diplomacy without secret treaties
Economic free trade on the seas during war and peace
Equal trade conditions
Decrease armaments among all nations
Adjust colonial claims
Evacuation of all Central Powers from Russia and allow it to define its own independence
Belgium to be evacuated and restored
Return of Alsace-Lorraine region and all French territories
Readjust Italian borders
Austria-Hungary to be provided an opportunity for self-determination
Redraw the borders of the Balkan region creating Roumania, Serbia and Montenegro
Creation of a Turkish state with guaranteed free trade in the Dardanelles
Creation of an independent Polish state
Creation of the League of Nations
the german public thought the tov would be based on these so felt betrayed when in reality it was a lot harsher.
Why was Lloyd Georgeâs approach to Germany softened between November 1918 and January 1919?
Lloyd George didn't want to completely destroy Germany. He wanted a just and firm Treaty that wouldn't cause Germany to want revenge once they recovered and start another war. He wanted Germany to be able to recover economically so Britain could trade with Germany.
Why were there differences between the aims of the Big Three?
All were representing countries that had been affected differently by the war and therefore the harshness they wanted to put in the treaties were based off the damage from the war.
What were the territorial terms of the Treaty of Versailles?
Germany is forbidden to join together with Austria (Anschluss)
Itâs overseas empire was taken away (the colonies mandated by GB and France)
Alsace-Lorraine returned to france
the polish corridor given to poland to give it access to the sea, lots of germans living in poland were denied self determination (Danzig)
Saar Coalfield run by the league (french get coal for 15 years)
What were the military terms of the treaty of versailles?
Army limited to 100,000 men (previously a symbol of german pride), none of the allies needed to disarm
Conscription banned
No armoured vehicles- submarines, tanks, aircraft
Only 6 battleships
no heavy artillery allowed
15,000 sailors
Rhineland demilitarised forever with an army of occupation (bridgeheads) for 15 years, no military fortifications allowed.
What were the economic terms of the treaty of versailles?
War guilt (Article 231 Germany and her allies are fully responsible for the war and that justifies reparations)
It was difficult to agree on a sum so no amount was agreed until 1921 when the allied reparations commision gave a figure of ÂŁ6.6 billion. Germany felt that they were signing a blank cheque
claimed the second installment couldnât be paid and later the young plan allowed for Germany to pay it back.
Those who needed the money for rebuilding due to property damage (france and Belgium) got the majority
When was the Treaty of Versailles signed?
June 28, 1919.
Describe the main features of the treaties that dealth with Germany's former allies
The Treaty of Saint Germain - Austria, 1919
Austria was separated from Hungary
Loss of land
Couldn't unite with Germany
Became land-locked
Restricted military
The Treaty of Trianon with Hungary - Hungary, 1920 Hungary was separated from Austria
Restricted military
Loss of land
Became land-locked
The Treaty of Neuilly - Bulgaria, 1919 Major loss of land Restricted army
The Treaty of Sevres - Turkey, 1920
Lost all authority over North African territory and Middle Eastern states e.g. Libya and Iraq
Extreme loss of land
Had to pay reparations
Restricted military
The Treaty of Lausanne - Turkey, 1923
Revised the Treaty of Sevres - because Mustafa Kemal and some nationalist Turks got annoyed. They never gained back their North African territory and Middle Eastern states
The Greeks and Italians and other foreign powers were thrown out.
Reparations no longer had to be paid
Military was no longer restricted
Explain why the victorious powers did not get everything they wanted from the peace settlement
As each of the Big Three wanted such different outcomes regarding the treatment of Germany, it was impossible to devise a settlement to satisfy all parties. For example, Clemenceau wanted a harsher treaty while Wilson and Lloyd George wanted a less severe one; Wilson wanted Freedom of Navigation but Lloyd George didn't; Lloyd George didn't want to put German-speaking peoples under the rule of other countries, which ended up being a part of the treaty.
Identify which aspects of the peace settlement satisfied each of the Big Three
Clemenceau
Demilitarization of Rhineland
Reduced Germany's economic and military power
Alsace Lorraine was returned to France
France received much of the reparation money and some colonies
Wilson
League of Nations was formed
Rhineland stayed as part of Germany allowing for trade
Partial satisfaction that defeated nations were to disarm
Lloyd George
Lloyd George was able to persuade Clemenceau to moderate his approach
Extended the British Empire
Could trade with Germany
What was the impact of the Treaty of Versailles on Germany and why did it cause such serious economic and political problems between 1919 and 1923?
The treaty was extremely unpopular and humiliating, and Germany's military was too weak for the government to deal with dissatisfaction of communist and extreme right-wing groups.
The country also lost a lot of land and money, causing it to become weaker as a country as well as being looked down on by other countries and having an unstable government.
Which aspects of the Treaty of Versailles were most objectionable to the German people
The restrictions on military size caused resentment and loss of pride as well as insecurity as Germany didn't feel they could defend themselves. On top of having to pay reparations, Germany lost a lot of its important industrial areas through territorial changes, meaning they lost resources which would have helped pay these reparations.
Assess the general nature of the Versailles Settlement, whether it was justifiable and fair, no harsh and punishing, or too lenient
The Versailles Statement was extremely harsh - Germany was punished severely. It is true that they did a lot of damage during the war and had a part in starting it, but the Treaty was more harsh than it needed to be. The Big Three were trying to punish Germany and protect their own countries from it, but the Treaty was unfair to Germany.
What was the treaty of Brest-Litovsk?
Germany treated Russia harshly, lost 34% of population, 54% of industry
Clemenceau and LLyod George saw this as an oppurtunity to treat Germany harshly with the view that if they had been victorious they would have treated the allies similarly