Impulse and Momentum

Momentum

The objects tendency to remain in motion, determined by its mass and velocity. It is a vector quantity.

Impulse

The change in momentum of an object when a force is applied over a time interval. It is a vector quantity.

Impulse-Momentum Theorem

The theorem that states that the impulse applied to an object equals the change in its momentum.

Law of Conservation of Momentum

The total momentum of a closed system remains constant if no external forces act on it.

Elastic Collision

A type of collision where both momentum and kinetic energy are conserved, and the objects bounce off each other without permanent deformation.

Inelastic Collision

A collision where momentum is conserved but kinetic energy is not. In a perfectly inelastic collision, objects stick together after impact.

Newton's Third Law of Motion

For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction, which applies to collisions where forces between two objects are equal and opposite, conserving total momentum.

Momentum Formula

? =mv, ? equals mass times velocity.

Impulse Formula

? =F×Δt, ? equals force multiplied by the time duration.

Impulse-Momentum Theorem Formula

J=Δp, impulse equals the change in momentum.

Conservation of Momentum Formula

? = pfinal , ? before equals total momentum after.

Kinetic Energy in Elastic Collisions

?=KEf, ? before equals total kinetic energy after the collision.

Momentum Formula

m1​v1i​+m2​v2i​=m1​v1f​+m2​v2f​

Elastic Collision: Momentum and kinetic energy are conserved.
Inelastic Collision: Momentum is conserved, but kinetic energy is not.

What is the difference between elastic and inelastic collisions?

Change in Kinetic Energy

ΔKE=KEf​−KEi​

Kinetic Friction

is the force that opposes the motion of two sliding objects, proportional to the normal force between them.

Kinetic Friction

fk​=μk​N

• Kinetic Friction Force (fk​) = Newtons (N)

• Coefficient of Kinetic Friction (μk) = Unitless

• Normal Force (N) = Newtons (N)

Work done by friction formula

? = fk⋅d

• Friction Force (fk) = Newtons (N)

• Distance (d) = Meters (m)

Work Done by Friction

is the force of friction multiplied by the distance over which it acts, and it is always negative since friction opposes motion.