Sexual Reproduction in Higher Plants

Flashcards generated from lecture notes on Sexual Reproduction in Higher Plants, focusing on key concepts and definitions in a fill-in-the-blank format.

All flowering plants show __ reproduction.

sexual

End products of sexual reproduction in flowering plants are and .

seeds, fruits

Flowers are morphological and embryological marvels, serving as the site of __ reproduction.

sexual

The essential whorls of a flower are and .

androecium, gynoecium

The accessory whorls of a flower are and .

calyx, corolla

The shoot apical meristem converts into __ meristem during flower formation.

floral

A stamen consists of two parts: and .

anther, filament

An anther is generally __.

bilobed

Each lobe of an anther has two __, making it dithecous.

theca

A longitudinal __ runs lengthwise, separating the two theca in an anther.

groove

The proximal end of the filament is attached to the __ or to the petal in epipetalous conditions.

thalamus

An anther typically has __ microsporangia.

four

__ connect the lobes of the anther.

Connectives

The layers of the anther wall are __, __, and .

epidermis, endothecium, middle layers, tapetum

__ tissue occupies the center of each microsporangium.

Sporogenous

__ provides nourishment to developing pollen grains.

Tapetum

Microspore Mother Cells are __ (ploidy).

2n

Microsporangia develop and become __ sacs.

pollen

An anther is __; microsporangium is circular.

tetragonal

layers of the anther provides protection and helps in __ of anther.

dehiscence

Each cell of sporogenous tissue is a potential pollen and is called __.

pollen mother cell

__ is the process of formation of microspores from a pollen mother cell.

Microsporogenesis

__ clustered microspores are formed from one PMC during microsporogenesis.

Four

The outer hard layer of a pollen grain is called __.

exine

Exine is made up of __.

sporopollenin

__ is absent at the germ pore.

Sporopollenin

The inner, thin, continuous layer of a pollen grain is called __.

intine

Intine is made up of and .

cellulose, pectin

__ is one of the most resistant organic material known.

Sporopollenin

The __ cell in a pollen grain has dense protoplasm and a large, irregularly shaped nucleus.

vegetative

The __ cell floats in the cytoplasm of the vegetative cell and has a spindle-shaped nucleus.

generative

In 60% angiosperms, pollens are shed in __-celled stage.

2

Pollen viability depends on and .

temperature, humidity

Pollen viability in rice and wheat is about __ minutes.

30

All carpels in a flower constitute __.

gynoecium

Flowers can show or condition based on the number of carpels.

monocarpellary, multicarpellary

__ is the landing platform for pollen grains.

Stigma

__ is the long, slender tube that connects the stigma and ovary.

Style

The basal, bulged part of the gynoecium is the __.

ovary

Ovules arise from the __ in the ovarian cavity.

placenta

__ is the stalk that connects the ovule to the placenta.

Funicle

__ is the region where the funicle meets the ovule.

Hilum

__ is the opening at the tip of the ovule.

Micropyle

__ is opposite to the micropyle; basal broad part.

Chalaza

__ cells contain reserve food.

Nucellus

__ are the protective covers of the ovule.

Integuments

The process of formation of megaspores from the megaspore mother cell is called __.

megasporogenesis

The megaspore mother cell undergoes __ to form megaspores.

meiosis

Usually, only __ megaspore is functional, called monosporic development.

one

The __ megaspore is functional.

chalazal

The functional megaspore develops into the __ sac or female gametophyte.

embryo

The divisions during megasporogenesis are __ nuclear.

free

The mature embryo sac is __-nucleated.

8

__ are present at the chalazal end of the embryo sac.

Antipodal cells

The largest cell in the embryo sac is the __ cell, containing two polar nuclei.

central

and form the egg apparatus.

Egg cell, Synergids

__ apparatus guides the entry of the pollen tube towards the egg.

Filiform

__ is the transfer of pollen from anther to stigma of the same flower.

Autogamy

__ is the transfer of pollen from anther to stigma of another flower of the same plant.

Geitonogamy

__ is the transfer of pollen from anther to stigma of a different flower.

Xenogamy

__ needs synchrony between pollen release and stigma receptivity.

Autogamy

Cleistogamous flowers are __ autogamous.

invariably

__ are agents of pollination that are non-living, such as wind and water.

Abiotic agents

Pollination by wind is called __.

anemophily

Pollination by water is called __.

hydrophily

The majority of plants use __ over wind and water pollination.

biotic agents

Pollination by insects is called __.

entomophily

Anemophilous flowers usually have __ ovule in each ovary.

single

Wind-pollinated flowers produce a large number of and pollens.

light, non-sticky

In hydrophily, __-like pollens are released in water.

ribbon

Wind and water pollinating plants do not produce __ and are not colourful.

nectar

Plant offers various __to insects to attract them.

rewards

__ is one of the tallest flower with inflorescence.

Amorphophallus

__ take pollen/nectar as reward but do not perform pollination.

Pollen/nectar robbers

Outbreeding devices prevent __.

self-pollination

__ is when the male part matures before the female part.

Protandry

Monoecious plants have __ flowers.

bisexual or unisexual

Dioecious plants have __ flowers.

unisexual

__ is a genetic mechanism that does not allow the pollen of same genetic composition to germinate on stigma.

Self-incompatibility

__ is the ability of the pistil to recognise pollen.

Pollen-pistil interaction

__ involves emasculation and bagging techniques.

Artificial hybridisation

__ is the removal of anthers from a bisexual flower.

Emasculation

After fertilization Ovule → __.

Seed

After fertilization Ovary → __.

Fruit

Egg cell fused with a male gamete→ __.

Zygote

Two polar nuclei fused with second male gamete → __.

PEN

Central cell → __.

Primary Endosperm Cell (PEC)

Following fertilization, the central cell becomes the __.

Primary endospermic Cell (PEC)

The primary endospermic cell divides repeatedly to form an __ tissue.

endospermic

The __ is formed before embryo development and provides energy for embryonic development.

endosperm

__ seeds retain endosperm.

Endospermic/Albuminous

__ seeds consume endosperm during embryo development.

Non-endospermic/Non-albuminous

__ is when the nucellus is persistent.

Perisperm

Embryo develops at __ end.

micropylar

The stages of embryogeny are: Zygote → Pro-embryo → __ → Heart Shaped embryo→Mature embryo.

Globular embryo

In grasses, the single cotyledon is called __.

scutellum

__ covers shoot apex.

Coleoptile

__ covers Radicle.

Coleorrhiza

Seed germination depends on __.

water

Seeds are products of __ reproduction.

sexual