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Flashcards generated from lecture notes on Sexual Reproduction in Higher Plants, focusing on key concepts and definitions in a fill-in-the-blank format.
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All flowering plants show __ reproduction.
sexual
End products of sexual reproduction in flowering plants are and .
seeds, fruits
Flowers are morphological and embryological marvels, serving as the site of __ reproduction.
sexual
The essential whorls of a flower are and .
androecium, gynoecium
The accessory whorls of a flower are and .
calyx, corolla
The shoot apical meristem converts into __ meristem during flower formation.
floral
A stamen consists of two parts: and .
anther, filament
An anther is generally __.
bilobed
Each lobe of an anther has two __, making it dithecous.
theca
A longitudinal __ runs lengthwise, separating the two theca in an anther.
groove
The proximal end of the filament is attached to the __ or to the petal in epipetalous conditions.
thalamus
An anther typically has __ microsporangia.
four
__ connect the lobes of the anther.
Connectives
The layers of the anther wall are __, __, and .
epidermis, endothecium, middle layers, tapetum
__ tissue occupies the center of each microsporangium.
Sporogenous
__ provides nourishment to developing pollen grains.
Tapetum
Microspore Mother Cells are __ (ploidy).
2n
Microsporangia develop and become __ sacs.
pollen
An anther is __; microsporangium is circular.
tetragonal
layers of the anther provides protection and helps in __ of anther.
dehiscence
Each cell of sporogenous tissue is a potential pollen and is called __.
pollen mother cell
__ is the process of formation of microspores from a pollen mother cell.
Microsporogenesis
__ clustered microspores are formed from one PMC during microsporogenesis.
Four
The outer hard layer of a pollen grain is called __.
exine
Exine is made up of __.
sporopollenin
__ is absent at the germ pore.
Sporopollenin
The inner, thin, continuous layer of a pollen grain is called __.
intine
Intine is made up of and .
cellulose, pectin
__ is one of the most resistant organic material known.
Sporopollenin
The __ cell in a pollen grain has dense protoplasm and a large, irregularly shaped nucleus.
vegetative
The __ cell floats in the cytoplasm of the vegetative cell and has a spindle-shaped nucleus.
generative
In 60% angiosperms, pollens are shed in __-celled stage.
2
Pollen viability depends on and .
temperature, humidity
Pollen viability in rice and wheat is about __ minutes.
30
All carpels in a flower constitute __.
gynoecium
Flowers can show or condition based on the number of carpels.
monocarpellary, multicarpellary
__ is the landing platform for pollen grains.
Stigma
__ is the long, slender tube that connects the stigma and ovary.
Style
The basal, bulged part of the gynoecium is the __.
ovary
Ovules arise from the __ in the ovarian cavity.
placenta
__ is the stalk that connects the ovule to the placenta.
Funicle
__ is the region where the funicle meets the ovule.
Hilum
__ is the opening at the tip of the ovule.
Micropyle
__ is opposite to the micropyle; basal broad part.
Chalaza
__ cells contain reserve food.
Nucellus
__ are the protective covers of the ovule.
Integuments
The process of formation of megaspores from the megaspore mother cell is called __.
megasporogenesis
The megaspore mother cell undergoes __ to form megaspores.
meiosis
Usually, only __ megaspore is functional, called monosporic development.
one
The __ megaspore is functional.
chalazal
The functional megaspore develops into the __ sac or female gametophyte.
embryo
The divisions during megasporogenesis are __ nuclear.
free
The mature embryo sac is __-nucleated.
8
__ are present at the chalazal end of the embryo sac.
Antipodal cells
The largest cell in the embryo sac is the __ cell, containing two polar nuclei.
central
and form the egg apparatus.
Egg cell, Synergids
__ apparatus guides the entry of the pollen tube towards the egg.
Filiform
__ is the transfer of pollen from anther to stigma of the same flower.
Autogamy
__ is the transfer of pollen from anther to stigma of another flower of the same plant.
Geitonogamy
__ is the transfer of pollen from anther to stigma of a different flower.
Xenogamy
__ needs synchrony between pollen release and stigma receptivity.
Autogamy
Cleistogamous flowers are __ autogamous.
invariably
__ are agents of pollination that are non-living, such as wind and water.
Abiotic agents
Pollination by wind is called __.
anemophily
Pollination by water is called __.
hydrophily
The majority of plants use __ over wind and water pollination.
biotic agents
Pollination by insects is called __.
entomophily
Anemophilous flowers usually have __ ovule in each ovary.
single
Wind-pollinated flowers produce a large number of and pollens.
light, non-sticky
In hydrophily, __-like pollens are released in water.
ribbon
Wind and water pollinating plants do not produce __ and are not colourful.
nectar
Plant offers various __to insects to attract them.
rewards
__ is one of the tallest flower with inflorescence.
Amorphophallus
__ take pollen/nectar as reward but do not perform pollination.
Pollen/nectar robbers
Outbreeding devices prevent __.
self-pollination
__ is when the male part matures before the female part.
Protandry
Monoecious plants have __ flowers.
bisexual or unisexual
Dioecious plants have __ flowers.
unisexual
__ is a genetic mechanism that does not allow the pollen of same genetic composition to germinate on stigma.
Self-incompatibility
__ is the ability of the pistil to recognise pollen.
Pollen-pistil interaction
__ involves emasculation and bagging techniques.
Artificial hybridisation
__ is the removal of anthers from a bisexual flower.
Emasculation
After fertilization Ovule → __.
Seed
After fertilization Ovary → __.
Fruit
Egg cell fused with a male gamete→ __.
Zygote
Two polar nuclei fused with second male gamete → __.
PEN
Central cell → __.
Primary Endosperm Cell (PEC)
Following fertilization, the central cell becomes the __.
Primary endospermic Cell (PEC)
The primary endospermic cell divides repeatedly to form an __ tissue.
endospermic
The __ is formed before embryo development and provides energy for embryonic development.
endosperm
__ seeds retain endosperm.
Endospermic/Albuminous
__ seeds consume endosperm during embryo development.
Non-endospermic/Non-albuminous
__ is when the nucellus is persistent.
Perisperm
Embryo develops at __ end.
micropylar
The stages of embryogeny are: Zygote → Pro-embryo → __ → Heart Shaped embryo→Mature embryo.
Globular embryo
In grasses, the single cotyledon is called __.
scutellum
__ covers shoot apex.
Coleoptile
__ covers Radicle.
Coleorrhiza
Seed germination depends on __.
water
Seeds are products of __ reproduction.
sexual