Sexual Reproduction in Higher Plants

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Flashcards generated from lecture notes on Sexual Reproduction in Higher Plants, focusing on key concepts and definitions in a fill-in-the-blank format.

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110 Terms

1
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All flowering plants show __ reproduction.

sexual

2
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End products of sexual reproduction in flowering plants are and .

seeds, fruits

3
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Flowers are morphological and embryological marvels, serving as the site of __ reproduction.

sexual

4
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The essential whorls of a flower are and .

androecium, gynoecium

5
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The accessory whorls of a flower are and .

calyx, corolla

6
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The shoot apical meristem converts into __ meristem during flower formation.

floral

7
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A stamen consists of two parts: and .

anther, filament

8
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An anther is generally __.

bilobed

9
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Each lobe of an anther has two __, making it dithecous.

theca

10
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A longitudinal __ runs lengthwise, separating the two theca in an anther.

groove

11
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The proximal end of the filament is attached to the __ or to the petal in epipetalous conditions.

thalamus

12
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An anther typically has __ microsporangia.

four

13
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__ connect the lobes of the anther.

Connectives

14
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The layers of the anther wall are __, __, and .

epidermis, endothecium, middle layers, tapetum

15
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__ tissue occupies the center of each microsporangium.

Sporogenous

16
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__ provides nourishment to developing pollen grains.

Tapetum

17
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Microspore Mother Cells are __ (ploidy).

2n

18
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Microsporangia develop and become __ sacs.

pollen

19
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An anther is __; microsporangium is circular.

tetragonal

20
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layers of the anther provides protection and helps in __ of anther.

dehiscence

21
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Each cell of sporogenous tissue is a potential pollen and is called __.

pollen mother cell

22
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__ is the process of formation of microspores from a pollen mother cell.

Microsporogenesis

23
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__ clustered microspores are formed from one PMC during microsporogenesis.

Four

24
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The outer hard layer of a pollen grain is called __.

exine

25
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Exine is made up of __.

sporopollenin

26
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__ is absent at the germ pore.

Sporopollenin

27
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The inner, thin, continuous layer of a pollen grain is called __.

intine

28
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Intine is made up of and .

cellulose, pectin

29
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__ is one of the most resistant organic material known.

Sporopollenin

30
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The __ cell in a pollen grain has dense protoplasm and a large, irregularly shaped nucleus.

vegetative

31
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The __ cell floats in the cytoplasm of the vegetative cell and has a spindle-shaped nucleus.

generative

32
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In 60% angiosperms, pollens are shed in __-celled stage.

2

33
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Pollen viability depends on and .

temperature, humidity

34
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Pollen viability in rice and wheat is about __ minutes.

30

35
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All carpels in a flower constitute __.

gynoecium

36
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Flowers can show or condition based on the number of carpels.

monocarpellary, multicarpellary

37
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__ is the landing platform for pollen grains.

Stigma

38
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__ is the long, slender tube that connects the stigma and ovary.

Style

39
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The basal, bulged part of the gynoecium is the __.

ovary

40
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Ovules arise from the __ in the ovarian cavity.

placenta

41
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__ is the stalk that connects the ovule to the placenta.

Funicle

42
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__ is the region where the funicle meets the ovule.

Hilum

43
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__ is the opening at the tip of the ovule.

Micropyle

44
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__ is opposite to the micropyle; basal broad part.

Chalaza

45
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__ cells contain reserve food.

Nucellus

46
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__ are the protective covers of the ovule.

Integuments

47
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The process of formation of megaspores from the megaspore mother cell is called __.

megasporogenesis

48
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The megaspore mother cell undergoes __ to form megaspores.

meiosis

49
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Usually, only __ megaspore is functional, called monosporic development.

one

50
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The __ megaspore is functional.

chalazal

51
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The functional megaspore develops into the __ sac or female gametophyte.

embryo

52
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The divisions during megasporogenesis are __ nuclear.

free

53
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The mature embryo sac is __-nucleated.

8

54
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__ are present at the chalazal end of the embryo sac.

Antipodal cells

55
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The largest cell in the embryo sac is the __ cell, containing two polar nuclei.

central

56
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and form the egg apparatus.

Egg cell, Synergids

57
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__ apparatus guides the entry of the pollen tube towards the egg.

Filiform

58
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__ is the transfer of pollen from anther to stigma of the same flower.

Autogamy

59
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__ is the transfer of pollen from anther to stigma of another flower of the same plant.

Geitonogamy

60
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__ is the transfer of pollen from anther to stigma of a different flower.

Xenogamy

61
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__ needs synchrony between pollen release and stigma receptivity.

Autogamy

62
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Cleistogamous flowers are __ autogamous.

invariably

63
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__ are agents of pollination that are non-living, such as wind and water.

Abiotic agents

64
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Pollination by wind is called __.

anemophily

65
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Pollination by water is called __.

hydrophily

66
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The majority of plants use __ over wind and water pollination.

biotic agents

67
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Pollination by insects is called __.

entomophily

68
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Anemophilous flowers usually have __ ovule in each ovary.

single

69
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Wind-pollinated flowers produce a large number of and pollens.

light, non-sticky

70
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In hydrophily, __-like pollens are released in water.

ribbon

71
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Wind and water pollinating plants do not produce __ and are not colourful.

nectar

72
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Plant offers various __to insects to attract them.

rewards

73
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__ is one of the tallest flower with inflorescence.

Amorphophallus

74
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__ take pollen/nectar as reward but do not perform pollination.

Pollen/nectar robbers

75
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Outbreeding devices prevent __.

self-pollination

76
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__ is when the male part matures before the female part.

Protandry

77
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Monoecious plants have __ flowers.

bisexual or unisexual

78
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Dioecious plants have __ flowers.

unisexual

79
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__ is a genetic mechanism that does not allow the pollen of same genetic composition to germinate on stigma.

Self-incompatibility

80
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__ is the ability of the pistil to recognise pollen.

Pollen-pistil interaction

81
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__ involves emasculation and bagging techniques.

Artificial hybridisation

82
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__ is the removal of anthers from a bisexual flower.

Emasculation

83
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After fertilization Ovule → __.

Seed

84
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After fertilization Ovary → __.

Fruit

85
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Egg cell fused with a male gamete→ __.

Zygote

86
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Two polar nuclei fused with second male gamete → __.

PEN

87
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Central cell → __.

Primary Endosperm Cell (PEC)

88
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Following fertilization, the central cell becomes the __.

Primary endospermic Cell (PEC)

89
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The primary endospermic cell divides repeatedly to form an __ tissue.

endospermic

90
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The __ is formed before embryo development and provides energy for embryonic development.

endosperm

91
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__ seeds retain endosperm.

Endospermic/Albuminous

92
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__ seeds consume endosperm during embryo development.

Non-endospermic/Non-albuminous

93
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__ is when the nucellus is persistent.

Perisperm

94
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Embryo develops at __ end.

micropylar

95
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The stages of embryogeny are: Zygote → Pro-embryo → __ → Heart Shaped embryo→Mature embryo.

Globular embryo

96
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In grasses, the single cotyledon is called __.

scutellum

97
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__ covers shoot apex.

Coleoptile

98
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__ covers Radicle.

Coleorrhiza

99
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Seed germination depends on __.

water

100
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Seeds are products of __ reproduction.

sexual