Bio 208 Exam 2 Review: Chapter 5 (Tissues)

Tissue Categories

Epithelial, Connective, Nervous, Muscular

Organ

Made of 2 or more tissue types

Histology

Study of Tissues

A Tissue

a group of similar cells that work together to perform a specific function

Matrix (Extracellular Material - ECM)

Composed of: Fibrous proteins and ground substance

Provides: Structure and Support

Epithelial Tissue Definition

a type of body tissue that forms a continuous sheet of cells that cover and protect the body's surfaces, line cavities, and form glands

Epithelial Tissue Function

protection, selective permeability, sensation, and secretion

Epithelial Tissue Make-Up

basement membrane, basal surface (surface facing basement), apical surface (surface facing away from basement)

Simple Epithelial

1 cell layer thick

Stratified Epithelial

more than 1 cell layer thick

Epithelial: Squamous Shape

flat, irregular, fired egg appearance

Epithelial: Cuboidal Shape

cube or spherical, as wide as they are tall

Epithelial: Columnar Shape

tall and thin, column shaped

Epithelial: Transitional Shape

Changes shape with stretch, only in bladder/ureters/urethra

Epithelial: Pseudostratified Shape

looks stratified but each cell IS touching the basement membrane

Simple Squamous Epithelium Location

aveoli, glomeruli, endothelium

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium Location

liver, thyroid, mammary and salivary glands, bronchioles, and kidney tubules

Simple Columnar Epithelium Location

lining of the GI tract, uterus, kidney, and uterine tubes

Stratified Squamous Epithelium Two Types

Keratinized and Nonkeratinized

Keratinized

Found on skin surface, abrasion resistant

Nonkeratinized

Lacks surface layer of dead cells

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium Location

Sweat gland ducts, testes, ovarian follicles

Simple Squamous Epithelium Job

Permits rapid diffusion or transport of substances

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium Job

Absorption and secretion, mucus production and movement

Simple Columnar Epithelium Job

Absorption and secretion of mucus

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium Job

Secretes sweat, produces sperm, produces ovarian hormones

Connective Tissue Definition

a type of body tissue that provides structural support, protection, and linkage for other tissues and organs (bone, cartilage, blood, tendons, and ligaments)

Connective Tissue Function (varies by tissue type)

• Physical protection (bone)

• Support & structure (bone, cartilage)

• Binding (ligaments, tendons)

• Storage of minerals (bone)

• Transport (blood)

• Immune system (blood)

Connective Tissue Make-Up

Made of cells and ECM (Extracellular Matrix)

Protein Fibers

Collagen, reticular, Elastic

Produces the ground substance & protein fibers

Fibroblasts

Adipocytes

fat cells

Macrophages

specialized white blood cells that engulf pathogens & dead cells (phagocytosis!) in the ECM and stimulates the immune system

Chondrocytes

cartilage cells

Osteocytes

bone cells

Types of Connective Tissues to know

• Areolar

• Adipose

• Dense regular connective tissue

• Dense irregular connective tissue

• Cartilage

• Blood

Areolar Tissue: Location and Job

Areolar tissue is found beneath the skin, around organs, and in mucous membranes. Its primary function is to provide support and elasticity, acting as a cushion and allowing for flexibility.

Adipose Tissue: Location and Job

Adipose tissue is located under the skin, around organs, and in bone marrow. Its primary role is to store energy in the form of fat, providing insulation and protection for the body.

Dense Regular Connective Tissue: Location and Job

Dense regular connective tissue is primarily found in tendons and ligaments. It provides strong attachment and resistance to tensile forces, contributing to tissue stability.

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue: Location and Job

Dense irregular connective tissue is found in the dermis of the skin, capsules surrounding organs, and joint capsules. It provides strength and support in multiple directions, allowing for resistance to stretching and mechanical stress.

Cartilage: Location and Job

Cartilage is found in joints, the rib cage, ear, nose, and between vertebrae. It provides flexible support and reduces friction between bony surfaces.

Hyaline Cartilage

a type of cartilage found in the nose, trachea, and at the ends of long bones, providing smooth surfaces for joint movement and support.

Fibrocartilage

a type of cartilage found in intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, and menisci of the knee, providing strong support and the ability to withstand compression.

Elastic Cartilage

a type of cartilage found in the external ear, epiglottis, and parts of the larynx, providing flexible support and maintaining shape.

Blood

a connective tissue that transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products throughout the body. It consists of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma.

Plasma

transports waste, nutrients, hormones

Red Cells

carry oxygen

White Cells

fight infection

Platelets

help blood clot

Marfan Syndrome

Abnormal connective tissue protein called fibrillin. Causes loose joints, very tall, large wingspan, risk of aortic rupture

Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome

Abnormal collagen fibers in many parts of the body. Variety of symptoms including hyperflexible joints, chronic dislocations, rupture of organs or blood vessels

Osteogenesis Imperfecta

Abnormal collagen in bones leads to lots of fractures