Weimar and Nazi Germany Flashcards
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98 Terms
When did Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicate?
9th November 1918
When was the Treaty of Versailles signed?
June 28th 1919
Who wrote the Weimar Constitution?
Hugo Preuss (a Jewish man)
What were the terms of the treaty on Germany's army?
They could have 100,000 soldiers, 15,000 sailors and 6 ships at maximum. They could not have any submarines or armoured vehicles.
How much did Germany have to pay in reparations?
£6.6 billion
What did 'Dolchstoss' mean?
Dolchstoss translates to 'stabbing in the back', which shows us that German people felt betrayed by the loss of the war and the signing of the Treaty of Versailles as Germany had to accept the blame for the war
Who were the 'November Criminals'?
The Weimar Government
Who were the Spartacists?
An extreme left-wing group led by Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknect.
What was the Spartacist Uprising?
In January 1919, the Spartacists tried to start a revolt in Berlin, but were stopped by the Friekorps.
Who were the Friekorps?
A group of right-wing former soldiers
What was the Kapp Putsch?
In March 1920, Wolfgang Kapp and the Friekorps staged a rebellion in Berlin. However, workers went on strike, so all business came to a halt. This caused Wolfgang Kapp to flee.
What does NSDAP stand for?
National Socialist German Workers Party
What was the Munich Putsch?
In November 1923, the Nazis entered a Bavarian government meeting at a beer hall, and took control of the local police and army headquarters. The government leaders were secretly led out by Ludendorff. The next day, Hitler was arrested while he was marching in Munich to try and become President, and the Nazi Party was banned.
How did Hitler gain support in prison?
Hitler wrote a book called 'Mein Kampf' that detailed his problems with the Weimar Government and his views, such as Jews being inferior and the destruction of democracy. He became very popular from this book as many people agreed with him.
Why did France occupy the Ruhr in 1923?
Because Germany could not afford to pay reparations
Why was the Ruhr important to Germany?
It was the main site of industry and produced 80% of Germany's coal and iron.
What did Germany do about the occupation of the Ruhr?
They told the workers to passively resist the French soldiers, and they kept paying them.
What were the consequences of paying the workers in the Ruhr?
Germany printed lots of money to pay the workers, which increased inflation. Inflation kept increasing and increasing until it became hyperinflation, and one German mark was worthless.
How did people get around hyperinflation?
People used a bartering system and traded items and possessions instead of using money. They also used wheelbarrows when they did carry money.
Who experienced problems during hyperinflation?
People with savings, people with a fixed income, elderly people with pensions, and small business owners all faced problems.
Who benefitted from hyperinflation?
People with debt, farmers and tourists benefitted from hyperinflation.
What was Bauhaus?
A new movement in architecture in Germany
Who could vote?
All men and women over 20
What does Expressionism mean in art?
Focusing on society's problems
What percentage of German women used their right to vote?
90%
How many women were elected in the Reichstag?
112
When did Hitler join the German Workers Party?
September 1919
When did Hitler become the leader of the Nazi Party?
July 1921
What were the main points of the 25-point programme?
To overturn the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, stop democracy, build up the military, and get rid of Jewish people.
Who were the SA?
The Nazi army led by Ernst Röhm, made up of former soldiers who disrupted the meetings of political opponents.
Who were the SS?
Hitler's personal bodyguards
How many SA members were there in 1934?
3 million
When was the 25-point programme made?
1920
What event encouraged Hitler to attempt the Munich Putsch?
Mussolini and his right-wing fascist party overthrowing the Italian government in 1922
How long did Hitler actually serve in prison?
9 months
What date was Hitler arrested?
11th November 1923
When was Hitler banned from speaking in public until?
1927
What did Hitler decide to do to gain support after his prison sentence?
Participate in elections and gain power legally
What did the Fuhrerprinzip mean?
It meant that Hitler had complete control and authority over all parts of the Nazi Party
When was the Wall Street Crash?
October 1929
Why did people turn to the Nazis and Communists when the Wall Street Crash happened?
They believed the Weimar Government was weak, so they turned to extremist parties
What did Hitler offer to businessmen?
He said that he would solve the Great Depression caused by the Wall Street Crash.
What did Hitler offer to farmers?
He said that he would protect them from Communists who would try to take their land.
What did Hitler offer to workers?
He said that he would give them employment and food.
What did Hitler offer to the middle class?
He said he would stop Communism and make Germany more traditional.
What did Hitler offer to women?
He said that the Nazis would prioritise the family and home.
What percentage of people voted for the Nazi Party in 1928?
2.6%
What percentage of people voted for the Nazi Party in July 1932?
37%
What did Article 48 mean?
It meant that the president could bypass the Reichstag and pass any laws they wanted in an emergency situation.
Who was Joseph Goebbels?
The head of Nazi propaganda
Who replaced Brüning as Chancellor in May 1932?
Von Papen
When did the Nazi Party get a majority in the Reichstag?
July 1932
Who replaced von Papen as Chancellor in December 1932?
Von Schleicher
What was the problem with Von Schleicher?
He had no support
What was the Backstairs Intrigue?
An agreement between von Papen and President Hindenburg to make Hitler Chancellor, in return for von Papen becoming vice Chancellor. They hoped to control Hitler like a puppet.
When did Hitler become Chancellor?
January 1933
When was the Reichstag Fire?
27th February 1933
Who was blamed for the Reichstag Fire?
Marinus van der Lubbe (a young Dutch Communist)
What did Hitler persuade Hindenburg to do using Article 48?
Arrest thousands of Communists, including Communist leaders.
What percentage of votes did the Nazi Party win in the March 1933 general election?
43.9%
When was the Enabling Act passed?
23rd March 1933
What did the Enabling Act do?
The Enabling Act allowed Hitler to pass any law he wanted without the support of the Reichstag.
When were all other political parties banned?
14th July 1933
When were trade union leaders arrested?
May 1933
What union did workers now have to join?
German Labour Front
When was the Night of the Long Knives?
30th June 1934
What was the Night of the Long Knives?
The purging of political opposition to the Nazis by the SS
Who were killed on the Night of the Long Knives?
Ernst Röhm and von Schleicher
When did President Hindenburg die?
August 1934?
What did Hitler do when Hindenburg died?
He combined the roles of President and Chancellor and made the army swear allegiance to him and not their country.
What did Judges have to join?
The National Socialist League for the Maintenance of the Law
Who was in charge of police and security?
Heinrich Himmler
What was the Gestapo?
The Nazi Secret Police
What was the SD?
The Nazi intelligence unit and Security Service used to find potential opponents and opposition
How many members of the Gestapo were there?
50,000
Why did people feel threatened by the Gestapo?
At any time, if they were heard talking against the Nazis or were reported to be doing so, they would be sent to Concentration Camps or tortured.
What trial did they get rid of?
Trial by Jury
How was propaganda used in films?
Nazi messages and ideas were inserted by Goebbels into films.
How were radios used to spread propaganda?
Radios were everywhere and they played traditional German music and Nazi news.
How did Rallies spread propaganda?
They focused on showing the strength of Germany and the Nazis
When were the Berlin Olympics?
1936
Who was the architect of the Nazis?
Albert Speer
What music was banned by the Nazis?
Jazz and music made by Jewish composers
How many Protestant Pastors were sent to Concentration Camps?
800
Who were the Edelweiss Pirates and Swing Youth?
Two youth groups in Germany that opposed the Nazis, and listened to Jazz and wore American-style clothes.
What was Hitler's idea of an 'Aryan'?
A 'pure' German with blonde hair, blue eyes and very athletic and strong
How many marks were married couples given?
1,000
What were Teachers forced to join?
The Nazi Teachers Association
How were schools changed?
All textbooks had to be approved by the Nazis, children were taught Race Theory, and children were taught about the Nazis and their history in lessons
How did Hitler decrease unemployment?
He created many new jobs for men such as road-building jobs. He wanted to build 7,000 km of motorways.
What was the Strength Through Joy scheme?
Workers in the German Labour Front were taken on holidays and days out to theatres and cruises.
Why was the recorded unemployment rate so low?
Hitler left out Jewish people, women forced out of jobs, and people in the National Labour Scheme when counting unemployed people.
What were the Nuremburg Laws?
Jewish people were no longer deemed citizens of Germany, and they were banned from marrying other non-Jewish people.
Who were 'undesirables'?
Disabled people, gay people, beggars, socialists and trade unionists
When was the boycott on Jewish businesses?
1933
When were the Nuremburg Laws created?
1935
What date was Kristallnacht?
9th November 1938
What happened on Kristallnacht?
Jewish homes, businesses and synagogues were destroyed on this night and Jewish people were physically harmed.