AP World Unit 1

1200-1450

Post-classical

Unit 1

Global tapestry

Song dynasty time period

960-1279

How do the Song lead

Dynasty. Emperors rule people. Government chosen through the civil service exam.

Civil service exam

Test of confucian principles not wealth.

Song technological developments

champa rice, paper money,

mandate of heaven

the belief that heaven grants emperors the right to rule based on their ability to govern well and fairly.

filial piety

the Confucian virtue of respect for one's parents and ancestors, emphasizing duty and loyalty within family relationships.

Champa rice

a fast-maturing, drought-resistant rice variety from the Champa Kingdom that fed more people and boosted population.

Grand Canal

a series of waterways in China that facilitated trade and transport, enhancing regional economies and political unity during imperial times. It connected the Yellow River and Yangtze River, allowing for efficient movement of goods and people.

Song economy

Amazing trade and connected with everyone

Dar-al-Islam

House of Islam. It signifies the political and cultural unity among Islamic states.

Mamluk Sultanate

A historical Muslim state in Egypt and the Levant, known for its military slave rulers (Mamluks) who successfully repelled Mongol invasions and established a prosperous economic center during the medieval period.

Seljuk Empire

a Turkish empire that controlled much of the Middle East, known for its cultural and political influence during the medieval period.

Mamluk Sultanate developments

included military prowess, architectural achievements (Cairo Citadel), and a flourishing trade network that connected Europe, Asia, and Africa.

Seljuk Empire developments

included advancements in art and architecture (Great Mosque of Isfahan and the Al-Khwarizmi Mosque), the establishment of a significant educational system (Madrasas), and the promotion of trade along the Silk Roads.

Madrasas

educational institutions in the Islamic world that focused on various subjects, including theology, law, and science.

Cairo Citadel

a historic fortress in Cairo, Egypt, built during the Ayyubid dynasty and later expanded by the Mamluks, serving as a military and administrative center.

Delhi Sultanate developments

included the establishment of a centralized Islamic state in India, significant architectural achievements like the Qutb Minar, and the promotion of trade and cultural exchange.

Where was the Seljuk Empire

centered in modern-day Iran and parts of Central Asia, it played a significant role in the development of Islamic culture and governance.

Where was the Mamluk Sultanate

centered in Egypt and the Levant, it emerged as a powerful political entity and was known for its military prowess and architectural contributions.

Where was Delhi Sultanate

centered in northern India, it was a prominent Islamic empire known for its cultural and administrative advancements.

Ibn Battuta

was a Moroccan scholar and traveler whose extensive journeys across the Islamic world and beyond significantly contributed to the understanding of medieval cultures.

Mathematical developments Dar-al-Islam

included advancements in algebra, geometry, and astronomy, greatly influencing both Islamic and European mathematics.

Aisha Al Bania

was a notable female scholar and educator in medieval Islamic society, recognized for her contributions to religious scholarship and literary works. Paved way for women.

Al Razi contributions

was a Persian physician and philosopher known for his contributions to medicine, including the discovery of sulfuric acid and his influential medical texts.

The Canon of Medicine

is a comprehensive medical encyclopedia written by Avicenna (Ibn Sina), detailing various medical practices, anatomy, and diseases, and served as a reference in both Islamic and European medicine.

House of Wisdom

was a major intellectual center during the Islamic Golden Age, located in Baghdad, where scholars of various cultures gathered to study, translate, and preserve knowledge (greek and roman).

Baghdad

was the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate and a center of commerce, culture, and scholarship during the Islamic Golden Age.

Timbuktu

was a significant city in Mali, known for its role as a learning center and a hub for trade, particularly during the height of the Mali Empire.

Delhi Sultanate cultural effects

The establishment of Muslim rule in India, introducing new cultural and political dynamics, along with architectural innovations.

Malacca 1200-1450

was an important trading port in Southeast Asia that played a crucial role in maritime trade between China, India, and the Persian Gulf.

Srivijaya

was a thalassocratic empire based on the island of Sumatra, known for its control of trade routes and influence over maritime trade in Southeast Asia.

Bhakti movement

A spiritual movement in South India that emphasized devotion to a personal god and promoted accessibility of spirituality to all, regardless of caste or gender.

Islam

is a monotheistic religion that originated in the 7th century in the Arabian Peninsula, founded on the teachings of the Prophet Muhammad and centered around the Quran.

Prophet Muhammad

The founder of Islam, a merchant, regarded as the last prophet in a line of prophets. His teachings, recorded in the Quran, form the basis of the Islamic faith.

Hinduism

A major world religion originating from the Indian subcontinent, characterized by a variety of beliefs and practices including the worship of many gods, karma, and dharma. Caste system

Buddhism

is a religion and philosophy founded in the 5th century BCE by Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha) in ancient India, focusing on the path to enlightenment through practices like meditation and following the Four Noble Truths.

Sufism

a mystical branch of Islam that emphasizes personal experience of God, often through meditation and spiritual practices. Were basically Islamic monks

Mayan Government

Decentralized government with city states that were always at war with eachother.

Mayan Expansion

Wanted tributary states through military conquest and trade.

Human sacrifice in South America

South Americans praticed this to appeal to the sun god in times of need.

How did the Aztec expand

their empire through military conquest, forming alliances through marriage, and demanding tribute from conquered peoples.

Tenochititlan

was the capital of the Aztec Empire, built on an island in Lake Texcoco, known for its complex society, rich culture, and impressive architecture.

Floating Gardens

are agricultural areas built on shallow lake beds, used by the Aztecs to grow crops such as corn and beans, maximizing land use and sustaining their population.

How did Inca expand

their empire through military conquest, the establishment of a vast road system, and the integration of conquered peoples into their administration.

Aztec Government

Decentralized government with tributary states

Incan Government

centralized and hierarchical, led by the Sapa Inca, who held absolute power and was considered a deity.

Mit’a system

A labor tax system used by the Incas, requiring subjects to work on public projects or in agriculture for a set period.

Missispian culture

A Native American civilization that emerged in the Mississippi River valley, known for its large earthen mounds, complex societies, and extensive trade networks.

Missisipian government

Powerful chiefs known as the Great Sun that ruled each town

Missisipian Mounds

Large earthen structures built by the Mississippian culture for ceremonial and residential purposes.

Chaco

Canyon region of the American Southwest, known for its unique Puebloan architecture with sandstone blocks

Meso Verde

Region in the American Southwest noted for its cliff houses and advanced agricultural practices such as

Meso Verde and Chaco developments

architectural developments due to the lack of trees.

Swahili civilization

coastal trade networks that linked Africa, the Middle East, and Asia, fostering a unique blend of cultures and languages.

Islam in Swahili civilization

Islam was a dominant beleif due to the prominence of Muslim merchantswho engaged in trade along the East African coast, influencing local culture and practices.

Similarities with Swahili coast and Song China

they both expanded wealth through trade and had hierarchical class structures.

Swahili coast government

Not very centralized or unified ; various city-states operated independently, each with its own ruler and governance.

Great Zimbabwe

was an influential city-state in Southern Africa known for its impressive stone structures and as a trading hub that linked inland resources with coastal trade networks.

What did Great Zimbabwe trade

gold, ivory, agriculture, and iron goods.

Hausa Kingdoms

were a collection of independent city-states, known for their vibrant trade networks, agriculture, and cultural developments.

Hausa government

consisted of a decentralized system of city-states, each ruled by its own king, with shared customs and trade practices.

Ethiopia

Christian kingdom that gained power through trade in the Indian ocean and the Mediterranean.

What did Ethiopia trade

Salt, gold, ivory, and slaves.

Ethiopian government

Centralized with a king and hierarchical system.

Byzantine Empire

Continued Eastern part of the Roman Empire that carried on roman faith and law.

Eastern Orthodox Christianity

A major Christian denomination that emerged from the Byzantine Empire, characterized by its emphasis on tradition and liturgy.

Constantinople

The capital of the Byzantine Empire, known for its strategic location and as a major cultural and economic center.

Fall of Constantinople

The capture of Constantinople by the Ottoman Empire in 1453, marking the end of the Byzantine Empire and a significant shift in power in the region.

Keivan Rus

Kept Orthodox Christianity alive after the fall of the Byzantine Empire.

Crusades

A series of religious wars initiated by Christian states to reclaim the Holy Land from Muslim rule, beginning in 1096.

Type of Government in europe unit 1

Feudalism

what is feudalism

A social and economic system in medieval Europe characterized by the exchange of land for military service and labor, where lords own land and vassals serve them.

Serfs

Agricultural laborers bound to work on their lord's estate, often with limited rights.

Political developments in europe unit 1

monarchs gained power and centralize states through large militaries and bureaucracy.

Abbasid Caliphate Ethnicity

Arab

What ethicity took over the Abbasid Caliphate and gained power for the first time

the Turkish

The Silk roads

trade routes connecting Asia and Europe, facilitating cultural, commercial, and technological exchange.

Paper Money

a type of currency made from paper that emerged in China, allowing for easier and safer trade than traditional metal coins.

Flying Money

a form of credit voucher in China that represented a larger amount of money that could be picked up at the next place.

Bill of exchange

a financial document or instrument used in trade that allows the holder to transfer money or credit to another party, facilitating long-distance commerce.

Caravanserai

a roadside inn where travelers could rest and trade, often found along trade routes in Asia.

Caravanserai culture

merchants and travelers shared knowledge, goods, and cultures during their journeys along trade routes.

Saddles

specialized equipment used for riding camels, enhancing comfort and control for riders during long-distance travel and trade.

Kashgar and Samarkand

significant cities in Central Asia, serving as a key trading hubs on the Silk Road, connecting various cultures and markets.

Chinese Proto-Industrialization

China produced more goos than its population could consume so the leftovers were sold.

Bubonic plague

fatal disease spread through trade

Temujin

better known as Genghis Khan, he unified the Mongol tribes and established the Mongol Empire, which became the largest contiguous empire in history.

What kind of people were the mongols

Pastoral nomads

How did the Mongols expand?

Through military conquest and strategic alliances.

Arban, Tumen, etc

Units for how the Mongols orginized their military forces, with the Arban consisting of ten soldiers and the Tumen composed of ten thousand.

Mongol military advantages

Included superior horsemanship, mobility, effective communication, and large arrows.

Pax Mongolica

The period of peace established by the Mongols, facilitating trade and cultural exchange along the Silk Road.

Yuan Dynasty

The dynasty established in China by the Mongols after their conquest, lead by Kublai Khan who united warring states so people thought he had the mandate of heaven to rule.

Silk roads under Mongols

Trade became safer, improved infastructure, improved communication.

Yam system

A relay system of mounted couriers used by the Mongols to facilitate communication and transportation across their empire, allowing for quick and efficient messaging.

who did mongols not kill

artisans, scholars, and those who could contribute to their empire's administration and economy.

Uyghar script

A writing system developed by the Uighur people, it was adapted by the Mongols and served as a lingua franca.

Fall of the Mongols led to the expansion of what trade network

Indian Ocean Trade