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syntax
The arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language.
cumulation
Using many similar words in a short space; can give weight to the idea being expressed. (Ex. "This task requires guts, determination, grit and willpower.")
alliteration
This refers to the repetition of the first sound in consecutive words, an effect which draws attention to the words in question.
anaphora
The repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of a sentence.
tone
Similar to mood, it describes the author's attitude toward his material, the audience, or both.
colloquial language
informal language; language that is "conversational"
inclusive language
aims to directly address the reader, either personally or as a member of a shared group. This involves using such words as us, we, you, our.
connotation
an idea or feeling that a word invokes in addition to its literal or primary meaning
denotation
actual meaning of the word
euphemism
usually a more acceptable way of saying something uncomfortable (i.e. collateral damage instead of civilian death)
lexical cluster / semantic field
words pertaining to a particular group or idea. For example, words relating to water or nature.
ambiguity
The multiple meanings, either intentional or unintentional, of a word, phrase, sentence, or passage.
analogy
comparing one situation to another. For example, comparing the game of football to war.
hyperbole
Completely overstating and exaggerating your point for effect. (Like when your mom says,"I must have asked you a million times to clean your room!")
metonymy
substituting the name of one object for another object closely associated with it. A news release that claims "the White House declared" rather that "the President declared" is using this technique.
symbol / symbolism
Generally, anything that represents itself and stands for something else. Usually it is something concrete - such as object, action, character, or scene - that represents something more abstract.
synecdoche
is a type of metaphor in which the part stands for the whole. Ex. Farmer Joe has two hundred head of cattle [whole cows], and three hired hands [whole people]. If we had some wheels [whole vehicle], I'd put on my best threads [clothes] and ask for Jane's hand [hopefully her whole person] in marriage.
rhetorical question
Sometimes a writer or speaker will ask a question to which no answer is required. The answer is obvious so the reader has no choice but to agree with the writer's point.
irony
the expression of one's meaning by using language that normally signifies the opposite, typically for humorous or emphatic effect.
asyndeton
refers to the omission of a conjunction such as "and" or "as" from a series of related clauses. The function is usually to accelerate a passage and emphasize the significance of the relation between these clauses.
juxtaposition
As a literary technique, it is to place two concepts, characters, ideas, or places near or next to each other so that the reader will compare and contrast them.
epistrophe
A figure of speech that involves the repetition of a word or phrase at the end of successive clauses or sentences. It is the opposite anaphora.
tricolon
a rhetorical term for a series of three parallel words, phrases, or clauses.
tension
The sense that something ominous is right around the corner, keeps readers engaged up until the end of the story.
prose fiction
Imaginary story written in ordinary language, without rhyme or meter.
conflict
A struggle between opposing forces.
foil
A character who contrasts and parallels the main character in a play or story.
characterisation
The way a writer creates a character in order to convince the reader.
narrator
A person who tells a story; in literature, the voice that an author takes on to tell a story.
atmosphere
A compound term that encompasses the tone (the author's attitude towards a subject) and mood (the audience's attitude towards a subject).
exposition
A narrative device, often used at the beginning of a work that provides necessary background information about the characters and their circumstances.
rising action
A series of events that builds from the conflict. It begins with the inciting force and ends with the climax.
climax
Most exciting moment of the story; turning point.
falling action
The part of a literary plot that occurs after the climax has been reached and the conflict has been resolved.
denouement
A French term meaning "unraveling" or "unknotting," used to describe the resolution of the plot following the climax.
diacope
the repetition of a word or phrase with one or two intervening words
antithesis
in rhetoric, the contrasting of one idea with another opposite idea
ethos
in rhetoric, an appeal to the audience's sense of ethics or principles; credibility
pathos
in rhetoric, the appeal to the audience's sense of emotion
logos
in rhetoric, an appeal to the audience's sense of logic
argument
in rhetoric, a line of reasoning aimed at demonstrating a truth or falsehood
hypophora
a figure of speech in which a writer raises a question and then immediately provides an answer to that question
figurative speech
the use of words or phrases which are not intended to be taken literally
polysyndeton
the repetition of coordinating conjunctions, such as 'and' or 'or'.
allusion
A reference to another work of literature, person, or event
target audience
the group of people that a writer or speaker has in mind as a readership or audience
caricature
an exaggerated portrayal of one's features
cartoon
a single-panel drawing which often uses humor and satire to construct a message
satire
the use of humor, irony, exaggeration or ridicule to expose and criticize people's stupidity
speech bubble
a bubble drawn above a character in a comic strip or cartoon to indicate the character's speech
panel
the individual frame which captures a moment from a sequence of events in a comic strip
gutter
space between panels in a comic strip
bleed
when the action of a panel spills beyond its frame and into the gutter
splash
a large panel that takes up most or all of a page, or possibly even two pages
emanata
symbols and icons used in comic strips to represent emotion or activity
camera angle
the location at which a camera films its subject or which a photograph is taken in relation to its subjects
caption
a title or short description of a picture
cartoonification
the process of turning an object or person into a cartoon by drawing them in a stylized or abstract way
closure
what happens in between the panels. The audience comes up with their own interpretation of the gap between panels, and this interpretation can be different for each audience member.
montage panel
combines several iconographic elements that otherwise do not belong together in the same spatial relationship.
cinematography
the art of making motion pictures, referring especially to camera work and photography.
still
frozen frame of a moving image or film
mise en scene
arrangement of scenery, props and characters on a stage or set of a film
zoom
a camera shot that changes smoothly from a long shot to a close-up or vice versa.
diegetic sound
any voice, musical passage, or sound effect presented as originating from a source within the film's world.
voice-over
the voice of an unseen narrator
blocking
the actor's body positions, gestures, movements and their interaction with the environment
framing
the placement and position of the subject(s) in your shot
aperture
adjustable opening in a camera that limits the amount of light
depth of field
the depth of a shot's focus in relation to the foreground, middle-ground and background.
focus
the degree of distinctness or sharpness in an image.
metaphor
a figure of speech in which a non-literal comparison is made between objects or actions, without using words such as "as" or "like"
simile
A comparison of two unlike things using like or as
imagery
language that appeals to the physical senses such as sight, sound, smell, touch or taste
assonance
Repetition of a vowel sound within two or more words in close proximity
consonance
Repetition of a consonant sound within two or more words in close proximity.
syllable
A unit of speech heard as a single sound; one "beat" of a word or phrase.
rhythm
Pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables
metre
The regular use of stressed and unstressed syllables in poetry.
enjambment
the continuation of a sentence without a pause beyond the end of a line, couplet, or stanza.
stanza
a group of lines forming the basic recurring metrical unit in a poem.
rhyming scheme
the ordered pattern of rhymes at the ends of the lines of a poem or verse.
free verse
Poetry that does not have a regular meter or rhyme scheme
internal rhyme
A word inside a line rhymes with another word on the same line
couplet
two lines of verse, usually in the same meter and joined by rhyme, that form a unit.
caesura
A natural pause or break in a line of poetry, usually near the middle of the line.
signifier
a term used in semiotics to describe any form that takes meaning, such as a word, sign, symbol or even colour
icon
an image that resembles the thing it represents
logo
a symbol or design that serves to identify an organization or institution
negative space
empty space around an object or person
Rule of Thirds
A composition rule that divides the screen into thirds horizontally and vertically, like a tic-tac toe grid placed over the picture on a television set.
anchoring
the process of making an image meaningful by adding words, such as a caption or making words meaningful by adding images, such as an illustration
body language and gaze
Facial expressions, gestures, stance or position - can convey the attitude, feelings or personality of the individual shown. Take note of the direction of the subject's eyes.
