IB Bio Review- D3.2 Inheritance

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Female (XX) only produce eggs containing the _ chromosome

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X

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Male (XX) can produce sperm containing either the _ or the _ chromosome

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X Y

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38 Terms

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Female (XX) only produce eggs containing the _ chromosome

X

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Male (XX) can produce sperm containing either the _ or the _ chromosome

X Y

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sex chromosomes are ___, and there are many genes on the x-chromosome not on the y-chromosome

non-homologous

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sex-linked traits are those which are carried on the __-______ in the non-homologous region

x-chromosome

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sex-linked traits are more common in ____

males

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what is colorblindness?

inability or decreased ability to see color, or perceive color differences

  • caused by a genetic mutation affecting the photopigments in the cones of the retina

  • X-linked recessive disorder

    • since males have one X and one Y chromosome, they are more likely to be colorblind if they inherit the mutation.

    • females, with two X chromosomes, are less likely to be affected because they would need the mutation on both X chromosomes to be colorblind.

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females can be _____ or _____ with respect to sex-linked genes

homozygous or heterozygous

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_____ females are carriers of colorblindness and haemophilia

heterozygous

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what is the genotype of a carrier female

X^N X^n

N = normal vision

n = red-green color blindness

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what is the genotype of a normal male

X^N Y

(notice that there is no allele attached to the Y)

N = normal vision

n = red-green color blindness

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what is blood clotting?

metabolic pathway of enzyme-controlled biochemical reactions

  • requires globular proteins called clotting factors

  • recessive X-linked mutations causes these factors to not be produced

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what is haemophilia?

impairs the body's ability to make blood clots, a process needed to stop bleeding

  • X-linked recessive disorder (carried by the X-chromosome)

    • since males have only one X chromosome, a single defective gene can cause the disorder

    • females have two X chromosomes, so a defective gene on one X chromosome is often compensated by the other X chromosome.

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<p>sex-linked, recessive:</p>

sex-linked, recessive:

  • trait is able to skip generations

  • males are predominately affected

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<p>autosomal, recessive:</p>

autosomal, recessive:

  • trait is able to skip generations

  • no major sex-bias in expression

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<p>autosomal dominant:</p>

autosomal dominant:

  • trait cannot skip generations

  • no major sex-bias in expression

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what is a genotype?

the combination of alleles of a gene carried by an organism

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what is a phenotype?

the expression of alleles of a gene carried by an organism

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what is a centromere?

joins chromatids in cell division

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what is an allele?

different versions of a gene

  • dominant allele = capital letter

  • recessive allele = lower case letter

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what is a carrier?

heterozygous carrier of a recessive disease-causing allele

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what does homozygous dominant mean?

having 2 copies of the same dominant allele (AA)

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what does homozygous recessive mean?

having 2 copies of the same recessive allele (aa)

  • recessive alleles are only expressed when homozygous

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what does codominant mean?

pairs of alleles which are both expressed when present

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what does heterozygous mean?

having 2 different alleles, the dominant allele is expressed

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what is gene loci?

specific position on a chromosome

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who discovered the principles of inheritance with pea plant experiments?

gregor mendel, 1866

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why were pea plants used for conducting genetic crosses?

  • Short life cycle for generational studies.

  • Can produce hybrids

  • Self-pollinate

    • Easy control of pollination for experiments.

  • Distinct traits for clear inheritance.

  • High offspring numbers for increased data accuracy.

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what are mendel’s 3 laws?

  1. law of segregation

  2. law of independent assortment

  3. principle of dominance

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what is the law of segregation?

  • gametes are haploid and have 1 allele of each gene

  • when male and female gamete fuse the diploid cell will have 2 alleles of each gene

  • many genes have 2 allels w one dominant, one recessive, producing:

    1. AA (homozygous dominant)

    2. Aa (heterozygous)

    3. aa (homozygous recessive)

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what is reductive division?

each haploid gets only one of 2 alleles parent has for each gene

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what is the law of independent assortment?

  • the two alleles of each gene are randomly separated into different haploid daughter nuclei during meiosis.

    • thus, the inheritance of one trait (determined by a gene) doesn't influence the inheritance of another trait (determined by a different gene).

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what is the principle of dominance?

  • dominant alleles always show their encoded trait when present in an organism

    • masking recessive alleles

  • recessive alleles only express their encoded traits when no other alleles are present

  • CODOMINANT alleles can have joint effects if both are present

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_____ is the combination of alleles in an organism

genotype

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____ is the observale traits of an organism

phenotype

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what is phenotype plasticity?

when organisms change their gene expression pattern of proteins to become adapted to specific environmental conditions

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