SPINAL FINAL

What are the five osseous features associated with TP of typical cervical vertebrae?

1. Costal element

2. Anterior tubercle

3. True transverse process

4. Posterior tubercle

5. Costotransverse bar

How many primary ossification centers are in a typical vertebra? Location?

3 primary ossification centers

located with two in the arch and one in the vertebral body

How many secondary ossification centers are in a typical vertebra? Location?

5 secondary centers of ossification

located at the:

1. epiphyseal plate region (2)

2. tip of transverse process (2)

3. tip of spinous process (1)

What is the location and number of chondrification centers in the typical vertebra?

6 total

2 pairs of 3

2 in the body and 2 in the arches and 2 in the transverse process

How many synovial joint surfaces are on a typical cervical vertebrae?

8 total

2 uncinate process

2 lateral grooves

4 articular processes

How many synovial joint surfaces are there on the C1? Location?

5 total

2 superior articular facets

2 inferior articular facets

1 fovea dentis

How many synovial joint surfaces are on C2? Location

8 total

How many synovial joint surfaces are on C7? Location?

6 total

4 articular processes

2 uncinate processes

What is the classification of lateral atlatoaxial joint?

synovial plane

What is the classification of median atlantoaxial joint?

synovial pivot

What is a cartilaginous symphysis?

joined by fibrocartilage

What is a cartilaginous synchondrosis joint?

joined by hyaline cartilage

What does a complete ponticulus posticus form?

arcuate foramen

What is a ponticulus posticus?

accessory bone which occurs along attachment sites of lateral mass and arcuate rim

ossification of the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament

How many synovial joint surfaces are on an atypical T1?

10 total

(4) zygapophyseal joints

(4) costocentral joints

(2) costotransverse joints

What is the articulation of T1 to Rib 1?

(2) T1 superior costal facet articulates with head of rib 1

What is the articulation of T1 and Rib 2?

T1 inferior costal demi-facet articulates with superior articular surface on head of rib 2

How many synovial joint surfaces are on atypical T10?

8 total

(4) zygapophyseal joints

(2) costocentral joints

(2) costotransverse joints

(6 in arch, 2 in body)

What are the costovertebral joints on a typical thoracic vertebrae?

There are 6 total and two types

Costocentral= (4) at each costal demifacet

Costotransverse= (2) articulates at transverse costal facet

What is the second sternochondral joint?

interarticular ligament attach fibrous capsule to manubrium symphysis dividing second sternochondral joint into two synovial cavities

classified as synovial plane joint

What is the muscle attachments of the typical thoracic transverse process?

logissimus thoracis, cervicis, capitis

semispinalis thoracis, cervicis, capitis

multifidus

rotator longus, brevis

intertransversarri

What is a kyphotic curvature in the thoracic region?

made up by vertebral body height difference= posterior height is greater than anterior height

primary, posterior

What are the primary and secondary ossification centers found in the ribs?

1 primary center in the body of each rib

3 secondary- head, articular and non-articular surface of tubercle

How many ossification centers are in the ribs? Typical and Atypical

Typical (2-9) - 4 centers of ossification

Atypical Rib 1= 3 centers of ossification

Atypical Rib 2= 4 centers of ossification

Atypical Rib 10= 3 centers of ossification

Atypical Rib 11-12= 1 center of ossification

What is the sacrococcygeal joint?

fibrocartilaginous disc exists between apex of sacrum and coccyx

cartilaginous symphysis joint

What are the epidural ligaments?

Anterior hofmann ligament= PLL or vertebral body to anterior dura mater in anterior epidural space

Posterior hofmann ligament= Ligamentum flavum or lamina to posterior dura mater in posterior epidural space

Lateral hofmann ligament= pedicle to lateral dura mater in lateral epidural space

What is assimilation (occipitalization) of Atlas?

congenital

partial or complete fusion of occiput

What are examples of cervicalization of occiput?

1. Formation of new or larger lines

2. hypocondylar arch

3. third occipital condyle

What are examples of cervicalization of T1?

1. T1 appears cervical like

2. T1 rib small or absent

3. Transverse foramen

4. T1 superior articular facet orientation

5. Uncinate processes on T1

6. True joint of luschka between C7 and T1

What is the subdental synchondrosis?

cartilaginous joint between odontoid process and centrum of C2

primary centers of ossification

What is the tip of the dens synchondrosis?

joint formed between tip of dens and odontoid process centers of ossification

secondary center of ossification

What is basilar invagination?

lateral xray shows the base appears sunken over C1/C2 due to weight of brain increasing

chondrocranium is still present

What forms the sacral hiatus?

lack of fusion at S4/S5 lamina and spinous process

Where do spinal nerves in cervical region exit?

exit above (C3 exits at C2-C3 IVF)

Where do spinal nerves in the thoracic and lumbar region exit?

spinal nerves exit below (L3 exits in L3-L4 IVF)

What is the ossification of ligamentum flavum?

OLF correlates with mechanical stresses exhibited in thoracolumbar region  

What is DISH?

diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis

calcification of the spinal ligaments- accessory bone growth

reduces cervical mobility

What bones make up the floor of the temporal fossa?

Frontal, parietal, temporal, sphenoid

What type of joint is TMJ?

hinge-type joint

only moveable adult joint

What is the division of the TMJ and movements associated?

Articular disc divides TMJ into upper and lower cavity

Upper cavity: gliding movements: protrusion and retrusion

Lower cavity: hinge movements: opening and closing

What is scheuermann’s kyphosis?

structural abnormality

disruption of cartilaginous endplates and epiphyseal rims

causes wedge-shaped vertebral bodies

What does the medial palpebral ligament attach?

tarsus to maxillary bone

What does the lateral palpebral ligament attach?

tarsus to zygomatic bone

The closure of ___ fontanelle forms the pterion

sphenoidal

The closure of __ fontanelle forms the lambda

posterior

The closure of ___ fontanelle forms the bregma

anterior

The closure of __ fontanelle forms the asterion

mastoidal