AP Chemistry Exam Review Flashcards

Flashcards for AP Chemistry exam review focusing on molecular geometry, bonding, kinetics, thermochemistry, acids and bases, and redox reactions.

What is the bond angle for a molecule with four electron domains?

109.5°

What is the bond angle for a molecule with three electron domains?

120°

What is the bond angle for a molecule with two electron domains?

180°

What is the hybridization of a central atom with four electron domains?

sp3

What is the hybridization of a central atom with three electron domains?

sp2

What is the hybridization of a central atom with two electron domains?

sp

What type of molecule will exhibit hydrogen bonding?

A molecule containing an O-H, N-H, or F-H bond.

What effect does microwave radiation have on molecules?

Causes molecules to rotate.

What effect does infrared radiation have on molecules?

Causes molecules to vibrate.

What effect does ultraviolet and visible radiation have on molecules?

Causes electrons to transition to different energy levels or ionize from the atom completely.

What type of compounds are always soluble in water?

Compounds containing sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), or ammonium (NH4+) ions.

What compounds are always soluble in water according to the solubility rules?

Compounds containing nitrate (NO3-) ions.

For a zero-order reaction, what should be plotted against time to yield a straight line?

Concentration of A versus time.

For a first-order reaction, what should be plotted against time to yield a straight line?

Natural log of A versus time.

For a second-order reaction, what should be plotted against time to yield a straight line?

One over concentration of A versus time.

What is the formula to calculate ΔHreaction using bond enthalpies?

ΔHreaction = Σ(Bond Enthalpies Broken) − Σ(Bond Enthalies Formed)

What are the six strong acids?

Hydrochloric acid (HCl), Hydrobromic acid (HBr), Hydroiodic acid (HI), Nitric acid (HNO3), Sulfuric acid (H2SO4), Perchloric acid (HClO4)

What are the strong bases?

Group 1 and 2 hydroxides: Lithium hydroxide (LiOH), Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), Potassium hydroxide (KOH)

What is the dilution equation?

M1V1 = M2V2

What is the titration equation at the equivalence point?

MAVA = MBVB

What is the relationship between pH and pKa at the half equivalence point?

pH = pKa

What is the formula for percent error?

(|Calculated Value - Correct Value| / Correct Value) × 100

If ΔH is negative, what does this indicate about the process?

The process is exothermic.

If ΔH is positive, what does this indicate about the process?

The process is endothermic.

If ΔG is negative, what does this indicate about the process?

The process is thermodynamically favored.

If ΔG is positive, what does this indicate about the process?

The process is not thermodynamically favored.

What conditions always favor a thermodynamically favored process?

Negative ΔH, Increasing ΔS

What conditions never favor a thermodynamically favored process?

Positive ΔH, Decreasing ΔS

What conditions favor a thermodynamically favored process at relatively higher temperatures?

Positive ΔH, Positive ΔS

What conditions favor a thermodynamically favored process at relatively lower temperatures?

Negative ΔH, Negative ΔS

What does 'Red Cat, An Ox' mnemonic mean?

Reduction takes place at the cathode, and oxidation takes place at the anode.

What does 'OIL RIG' mnemonic mean?

Oxidation is losing electrons, and reduction is gaining electrons.

In any galvanic cell with two metallic electrodes, what does 'the cat gets fat' mean?

The cathode will increase in mass.

What does 'AC' remind you about electron flow?

Electrons move through the wire from the anode to the cathode.

In the salt bridge, which direction do anions and cations move?

Anions move toward the anode, and cations move toward the cathode.