PLANNING MODULE 1.3 1.4

Physical City

a continuous development that contains a central city and many nearby cities, towns, and suburbs

Urban Geography

focuses on how cities function, their internal systems and structures, and the external influences on them

urban planning

plays a critical role in the development and management of cities. it involves systematic organization of land use, transportation, housing, public spaces, and other infrastructures and services to create functional, efficient, and livable cities

urbanization

process by which cities grow

urban area

nucleated-one or more clear core areas. People who live in them work in non-agricultural jobs

towns

are smaller and less complex than cities but still have the nuclear business concentrations

cities

may be surrounded by surburbs-areas also nucleated, use much land space for residences of people who work in or near cities

suburbs

are separated from the central city by political boundaries

Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA)

urbanized area with a population of at least 50,000

micropolitan statistical area

urbanized area between 10,000 and 50,000 people

Megalopolis

a county between two central cities may send large number of commuters to jobs in each. Meaning "Great City"

Hamlet

cluster of farmer's houses with a few basic services

Village

smallest urban settlement several dozen services more specialized than a hamlet

town

has more specialized function. may have a bank, post office, hospital, schools. Have a hinterland-smaller villages or hamlets economically dependent on it

city

large population, functional specialization. well defined central business district

megalopolis

multiple cities that have grown together

Luis Wirth

defined city as a permanent settlement

large size

residents can know only small percentage of each other

high density

highly specialized jobs, allows large number of people in one place

Social Heterogeneity

people with diverse backgrounds

megacities

coined by the united nations in the 1970s for cities over 10 million

urban centers

are functionally connected to other cities and to rural areas

rank size rule

describes patters or urban sizes in complex economies where urbanization is well established

central place theory

views urban settlements as centers for distribution of economic goods and services to the surrounding nonurban populations

walter christaller germany in 1933

central place theory

concetric zone model

views cities growing outward from a central area in a series of concentric rings

sociologist ew burgess 1923

created concentric zone model

sector model

cities develop in a series of sectos

homer hoyt 1939

created sector model

multiple nuclei model

explains that large cities develop by spreading from several nodes of growth not just one

harris and ullman 1945

developed multiple nuclei model

peripheral model

North American urban model with inner city and suburbs.

chauncy-harris

Creator of the Peripheral/ Galactic City Model

urban sprawl

progressive spread of development over the landscape

greenbelts

rings of open space can fight urban development

zoning ordinances

prevents mixed land uses within the same district

urban redevelopment

revitalization of downtown areas

gentrification

middle class people drawn to renovated areas

smart growth

produce a pattern of controlled development

social area analysis

puts together information from census tracts to create an overall picture of how various types of people are distributed within a broader area

redlining

describes the practice of marking a red line on a map to delineate the area where banks would not invest

ghettoization

forced segregation limits residential choices, ethnic or racial minorities may be confined to older, low-cost housing areas typically close to the city center

infrastructure

refers to all the facilities that support basic economic activities such a degree that a city cannot function without them

ekistics

applies to the science of human settlements

konstantinos apostolos doxiadis 1942

coined the term ekistics

ekistics

aims to encompass all scales of human habitation and seeks to learn from the archaelogical and historical record by looking not only at great cities but as much as possible at the total settlement pattern

micro-settlements

units smaller than or as small as the traditional town where people used do and still do achieve interconnection by walking

meso-settlements

between traditional town and conurbation within which one can commute daily

macro-settlement

whose largest possible expression is ecumenopolis

ecumenopolis

the entire area of earth taken up by human settlements

conurbation

a group of large cities and their suburbs consisting of 3 to 10 million people, also called urban agglomeration

metropolis

a large city or a group consisting of multiple cities and towns with 3 million people