apush period 1: 1491-1607

What does Key Concept 1.1 state about native populations in North America?

As native populations migrated and settled across North America, they developed distinct and increasingly complex societies by adapting to and transforming their diverse environments.

How did different native societies adapt to their environments according to Key Concept 1.1?

They adapted through innovations in agriculture, resource use, and social structure.

What is one way native societies transformed their environments?

By developing innovations in agriculture.

What role did resource use play in the adaptation of native societies?

Resource use was crucial for adapting to diverse environments and supporting complex societal structures.

What is an example of social structure adaptation among native populations?

Social structures evolved to reflect the specific needs and resources of the environment they inhabited.

Why is it important to provide specific historical evidence in notes?

Specific historical evidence strengthens understanding and retention of key concepts, making it advantageous for quizzes.

What is the significance of the diverse environments in North America for native populations?

Diverse environments led to the development of distinct societies with unique adaptations and innovations.

What were the major empires in Central and South America before 1607?

The Mayan, Incan, and Aztec empires.

What characteristics defined the Mayan, Incan, and Aztec societies?

They had highly organized societies, extensive trade, and created calendars based on scientific observations.

What was a staple food for the Mayans and Aztecs?

Corn.

What staple food did the Incas rely on?

Potatoes.

How did Native American societies in North America differ from those in Central and South America?

They were smaller and less sophisticated, with a slower spread of corn cultivation.

What type of settlements did most Native Americans in North America live in?

Semi-permanent settlements in small groups.

What roles did men and women play in Native American societies?

Men made tools and hunted, while women gathered plants and nuts or grew crops such as corn, beans, and tobacco.

How many language families and distinct languages were present among Native American cultures?

20 language families and 400 distinct languages.

Which Native American cultures developed in present-day New Mexico and Arizona?

Hokokam, Anasazi, and Pueblos.

What challenges did the Southwest Settlements face by the time Europeans arrived?

Extreme drought and conflict with hostile natives weakened these groups.

What type of housing did Pacific Coast Native Americans live in?

Permanent longhouses or plank houses.

What was the diet of the Northwest Settlements based on?

Hunting, fishing, and gathering nuts, berries, and roots.

What was the significance of totem poles in Northwest Settlements?

They were used to save stories.

What lifestyle characterized the Great Plains tribes?

They were either nomadic hunters or sedentary farmers who traded.

What was the primary food source for Great Plains tribes?

Buffalo.

What type of dwellings did Great Plains tribes use?

Tepees, which were easy to disassemble and transport.

What agricultural products did farming tribes in the Great Plains raise?

Corn, beans, and squash.

What was the Adena-Hopewell culture known for?

Large earthen mounds.

Where was Cahokia located and what was its significance?

Near present-day St. Louis, Illinois; it was the largest settlement in the Midwest.

What was the Iroquois Confederation?

A political union of five independent tribes living in the Mohawk Valley, New York.

What was the impact of the Iroquois Confederation from the 16th century through the American Revolution?

They were a powerful force.

What was the geographical range of the Atlantic Seaboard Settlements?

From southern New Jersey to Florida.

What was the significance of the Columbian Exchange?

It resulted in significant social, cultural, and political changes on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean.

What was one outcome of European expansion into the Western Hemisphere?

It generated intense social, religious, political, and economic competition and changes within European societies.

What technological improvements facilitated European exploration in the 15th and 16th centuries?

Improvements included the use of gunpowder, the sailing compass, advancements in shipbuilding and mapmaking, and the printing press which spread knowledge across Europe.

What was the significance of the union of Isabella and Ferdinand in the context of European exploration?

Their union and Columbus's voyage signaled new leadership, hope, and power for Europeans who followed the Roman Catholic faith.

What major religious conflict arose in the early 1500s that affected European exploration?

The Protestant Reformation, where certain Christians revolted against the authority of the Roman pope.

How did the Protestant Reformation influence European expansion?

Catholics from Spain and Portugal and Protestants from England and Holland sought to spread their versions of Christianity to Africa, Asia, and the Americas.

What was the role of slave trading in the 15th century?

Portugal began trading for slaves from West Africa to work on sugar plantations.

How did the political landscape of Europe change during the period of exploration?

Multiethnic empires were broken up into nation-states where the majority shared a common culture, with monarchs relying on trade and the church for support.

What was the Columbian Exchange and its impact on the Americas?

It resulted in extensive demographic, economic, and social changes, including the introduction of new crops and diseases.

What crops and goods did Europeans learn about from the Americas?

Europeans learned about beans, corn, sweet and white potatoes, tomatoes, and tobacco.

What diseases were introduced to the Americas as part of the Columbian Exchange?

Smallpox and measles, which led to the death of 90 percent of the native population.

What was the Treaty of Tordesillas and its significance?

It established the line of demarcation, granting Portugal claim to Brazil and Spain claim to the rest of the Americas.

Who were the key figures in the Spanish conquest of the Aztecs and Incas?

Hernan Cortes conquered the Aztecs, and Francisco Pizarro conquered the Incas.

What economic impact did the export of gold and silver have on Spain?

It increased Spain's gold supply by 500 percent, making it the richest and most powerful European nation.

What was the encomienda system?

A system where the king of Spain granted land and natives to individual Spaniards.

What was the asiento system?

A system that required Spanish importers to pay a tax to the king on each enslaved person brought to the Americas.

What challenges did the French face in establishing claims in the Americas?

Internal conflicts between Roman Catholics and Protestants slowed their development.

Who established the first permanent French settlement in America?

Samuel de Champlain.

What area did the Dutch claim in the Americas?

Surrounding areas of the Hudson River.

What was the role of the Dutch West India Company?

It was granted the right to control the Hudson River area for economic gain.

What was the significance of St. Augustine in Florida?

It was established in 1565 as the first permanent European settlement in the continental United States.

What led to the Pueblo Revolt in New Mexico?

Harsh efforts to Christianize the native population by Spanish settlers.

What was the timeline for the establishment of permanent Spanish settlements in California?

San Diego was established in 1784.

How did European and Native American worldviews differ?

They diverged on issues such as religion, gender roles, family, land use, and power.

What was a significant consequence of Spanish policy towards Native Americans?

Many natives died from forced Spanish labor.

Who advocated for better treatment of Native Americans and influenced the New Laws of 1542?

Bartolomé de Las Casas.

What did the New Laws of 1542 accomplish?

They ended Indian slavery, halted forced labor, and began the encomienda system.

What was the Valladolid Debate about?

It was a debate over the role of Indians in the Spanish colonies, occurring from 1550 to 1551.

What argument did Juan Gines de Sepulveda make during the Valladolid Debate?

He argued that Native Americans were less than human.

What was the initial relationship between English settlers and Native Americans in Massachusetts?

They coexisted, traded, and shared ideas.

How did English expansion affect Native Americans?

Native Americans saw their way of life threatened as the English took more land and forced tribes to move.

How did the French view Native Americans during their colonization efforts?

They viewed them as potential economic and military allies.

What was a key economic activity of the French in relation to Native Americans?

They built trading posts and exchanged French goods for furs.

What was the Native American reaction to European colonization?

Tribes saw themselves as distinct groups and initially interacted with Europeans, but later faced violence and disease.

What social cause motivated European exploration in the Americas?

Spreading Christianity and Catholicism.

What was one effect of the Atlantic slave trade on Native Americans?

Conquering or discriminating against Native Americans due to cultural differences.

What was the impact of the New Laws of 1542 on Native American slavery?

They ended Native American slavery.

What political effect did English expansion have on Native Americans?

They were pushed to interior regions.

What was a consequence of the spread of smallpox and measles among Native Americans?

It wiped out 90% of the Native American population.

What was the Treaty of Tordesillas?

It split Spanish and Portuguese land in the Americas.

What economic motivation drove the French to develop relationships with Native Americans?

To control the fur trade.

What was the result of Spanish mining and colonies on their wealth?

Silver and gold sent back to Spain led to a 500% increase in wealth, making Spain the most powerful European country.

What role did the Dutch West India Trading Company play in colonization?

It controlled colonies for economic gains.

What social hierarchy developed due to Spanish colonization?

A rigid class system dominated by pure-blooded Spaniards.

What was a major effect of European exploration on African people?

The Atlantic slave trade, which forcibly displaced many Africans.