Practice Test 1

personality disorders

persistent pattern of emotions, cognitions, and behavior that results in enduring emotional distress for the person affected and/or for others and may cause difficulties w/work and relationships

big five factor model

mix of dimensional and categorical > this is prototypical approach

personality disorder clusters

Cluster A - odd/eccentric, Cluster B - dramatic/emotional/erratic, Cluster C - anxious cluster

statistics and development

personality disorders were thought to originate in childhood and continue into the adult years

statistics and development

a person could receive as diagnosis of one personality disorder at point in time and then years later no longer meet the criteria for his original problem but now have characteristics of a second (or third) personality disorder

gender differences: men

men diagnose w/personality disorder tend to display traits characterized as more aggressive, structured, self-assertive, and detached

gender differences: women

women tend to present with characteristics that are more submissive, emotional, and insecure

comorbidity

people tend to be diagnosed w/more than one, overlap symptoms are common (antisocial and narcissistic)

personality disorders: under study

sadistic personality disorder and passive-aggressive personality disorder

sadistic personality disorder

includes people who receive pleasure by inflicting pain on other

passive-aggressive personality disorder

includes people who are defiant and refuse to cooperate w/request attempting to undermine authority figures

cluster A: paranoid personality disorder

excessively mistrustful and suspicious of others, without any justification. people w/this disorder may be argumentative, may complain, or may be quiet > related to schizophrenia

paranoid personality disorder: causes

having the following basic mistaken assumptions (schema) about others: "they'll attack you if they get the chance" "you can be okay only if you stay on your toes"

paranoid personality disorder: treatment

often use cognitive therapy to counter the person's mistaken assumptions about others

cluster A: schizoid personality disorder

show a pattern of detachment from social relationships and a limited range of emotions in interpersonal situations. seem neither to desire nor to enjoy closeness w/others including romantic or sexual relationships

schizoid personality disorder: causes

childhood shyness, abuse and neglect in childhood, biological overlap w/autism spectrum disorder (same genetic markers w/schizoid)

schizoid personality disorder: treatment

often receive social skills training, takes a part of a friend or significant other in a technique known as role-playing and helps the patient practice establishing and maintaining social relationships

cluster A: schizotypal personality disorder

addition to their social isolation, they also behave in ways that would seem unusual to many of us, and they tend to be suspicious and to have odd beliefs, schizotypal personality disorder is considered by some to be on a continuum (that is, on the same spectrum) w/schizophrenia, considered as odd or bizarre because of how they think and behave even how they dress

schizotypal personality disorder: cultural considerations

clinicians must be aware that different cultural beliefs or practices may lead to a mistaken diagnosis of this disorder some people who practice certain religious rituals EX: ed caluag

schizotypal personality disorder: causes

some people thought to have "schizophrenia genes" (set of genes) or environmental stresses > damage in left hemisphere

schizotypal personality disorder: treatment

often seek assistance due to anxiety and depression when they request clinical help, treatment includes medical and psychological treatments for depression, combination of antipsychotic drugs and social skills training