history of english language exam

Franz Bopp worked on...

verbal endings

[blank] tried to find a common ancestor of Scandinavian languages to prove they're related

Rasmus Rask

Iranian, Armenian and Balto-Slavic languages belong to a group called [blank] languages

satem

Latin, Hellenic lg, Germanic languages belong to a group called [blank] languages

centum

The closest relative to English is...

Frisian

English belong to a West Germanic language group known as [blank] languages

Anglo-Frisian

Periodisation in the development of English: ca. 2000 BC - 500 BC

Proto-Indo-European (PIE)

Periodisation in the development of English: ca. 500 BC - 0 AD

Proto-Germanic (PG)

Periodisation in the development of English: 0 AD - 300 AD

North West Germanic (NWG)

Periodisation in the development of English: 300 AD - 450 AD

Anglo-Frisian (AF)

Periodisation in the development of English: ca. 450 AD - 1050 AD

Old English (OE)

Periodisation in the development of English: ca. 1150 - 1450

Middle English (ME)

Periodisation in the development of English: ca. 1500 - 1800

New English (NE)

Periodisation in the development of English: ca. from 1800

Modern English (MoE)

English as a Germanic Language: the main dynamic stress falls on the [blank] of the word

root syllable

English as a Germanic Language: reduction of [blank] syllables, including the loss of consonants and vowels in the [blank] position

unstressed, word-final

English as a Germanic Language: systematic use of [blank] for the formation of [blank] for the primary verbs

ablaunt, preterite

[blank] invaded Britain in 55-54 BC

Julius Caesar

The four dialects of Old English were: [blank x4]

Kentish, Northumbrian, Mercian, West Saxon

The oldest records of OE survived in [blank] dialect

West Saxon

Kent, Devonshire, Cornwall, Cumberland, London, York, Thames, Avon, Dover are an example of [blank] influence in Britain

Celtic

Common nouns lik: binn, brocc, bratt, cragluh are an example of [blank] influence in Britain

Celtic

Words like cross, crusian are an example of borrowings from [blank]

Celtic Christianity

The three periods of Latin borrowing in Britain as known as: Zero Period [blank], First Period [blank] and the Second Period [blank]

Continental, Celtic Transmission, Christianization

Weall, pund, cycene, mūl, draca, stræt wīn disc, cīese, biscop, cāsere are examples of words that come from the [blank] period of Latin borrowings

zero

Castra, munt, port, wīc, torr are examples of words that come from the [blank] period of Latin borrowings

First

Abbot, candle, litany, offer, psalm, cap, beet, school, altar, master are examples of words that come from the [blank] period of Latin borrowings. They are [blank] borrowings.

Second, early

Apostle, font, synagogue, paper, cypress, plaster re examples of words that come from the [blank] period of Latin borrowings. They are borrowings that were introduced during the [blank].

Second, Benedictine Reform

Whitby, Grimsby, Rugby, Derby, Althorp, Linthorpe, Bishopsthorpe are examples of [blank] borrowings.

Scandinavian

Skill, sky, skin, skirt, skip, scatter, score, bask, kick, give, egg, aye, nay, reindeerare, birth, bull, crook, dirt, fellow, freckle, gap, guess, law are examples of borrowings from [blank]

Old Norse

Words like take, cast, window, sky, egg, systir replaced OE equivalents, they come from [blank]

Old Norse

Form words like they, their, them, are, both, same, to, fro, till, though, 3 p. sg -s are borrowings from

Old Norse

Old English has [blank] numbers, [blank] grammatical genders and [blank] cases

2, 3, 4 (5)

Almost all adjectives in OE showed both strong and weak [blank]

inflectional patterns

Inflectional endings in OE could be divided into: [blank] vs [blank] ones

nominal, prenominal

OE adjectives made use of [blank] inflectional cases

five

OE personal pronouns possesed three numbers [blank], [blank] and [blank] in the 1st and 2nd person

singular, dual, plural

OE personal pronouns also performed the function of [blank] and [blank] pronouns

possessive, reflexive

OE verbs had [blank] persons

three

OE verbs had [blank] numbers

two

OE verbs had [blank] voice(s)

one

OE verbs had [blank] tenses - [blank] and [blank]

two, present, preterite

OE verbs had three moods - [blank x3]

indicative, imperative, subjunctive

OE verbs had three non-finite forms inflected through persons - [blank x3]

infinitive, active/present participle, passive/past participle)

There were three types of OE verbs: [blank] (it’s about their inflection)

weak, strong, irregular

After the Norman Conquest, [blank] was the most prestigious language in Britain

French

The Parliament opened in English in (century) -

14th

General use of English in schools (century) -

14th

Use of English in letter writings (century) -

15th

Prison, market, battle, castle; baron, dame, noble, servant are early borrowings from [blank]

French

Crown, state, royal, authority, majesty, court, council, parliament, religion, sermon, baptism, communion, prayer, confession; clergy, cardinal, plea, suit, defendant, judge, advocate, complaint, jury, evidence, army, navy, peace, battle, enemy, retreat, soldier, dinner, supper, feast, taste, appetite, salmon, fashion, dress, cloak, coat, collar, button, art, painting, sculpture, music, beauty, colour, image are all borrowings from [blank]

French

Pork, beef, veal, mutton and swine, cow, calf, ram all examples of differentiation in meaning between English and [blank]

French

Allegory, conspiracy, frustrate, genius, history, incredible, index, individual, inferior, intellect are examples of [blank] borrowings in Middle English

Latin

Deck, easel, sauerkraut, dock, gin, gherkin, dollar, landscape, frankfurter, rover, cookie, noodle, guilder, cranberry, kindergarten are examples of borrowings from [blank]

Low Counties

OE: witan /VCV/; wītan /VVCV/; sittan /VCCV/ >
ME: wīten /VVCV/; wīten /VVCV/; sitten /VCCV/

is an example of the loss of [blank] in Middle English

long consonants

As a result of the levelleing of vowels inflectional endings, Middle English lost [blank]

grammatical gender

The use of ye, your, you as a mark of respect when addressing a superior is a feature of [blank]

Middle English

Allusion, autograph, disability, disrespect, excursion, expectation are examples of borrowings from [blank]

Latin

Anachronism, atmosphere, antipathy, chaos, chronology, climax are borrowings from [blank] transmitted via [blank]

Greek, Latin

Anonymous, catastrophe, criterion, lexicon, polemic, thermometer, tonic are borrowings from [blank]

Greek

Bizarre, detail, duel, entrance, essay are borrowings from [blank]

French

Cupola, design, balcony, piazza, stanza are borrowings from [blank]

Italian

Battalion, bankrupt, brigade, gazette are borrowings from [blank] trasmitted via [blank]

Italian, French

Alligator, apricot, banana, barricade, bravado, cannibal, cocoa, desperado, embargo, hurricane are borrowings from [blank] and [blank]

Spanish and Portuguese

Yacht, smuggler, uproar, brandy-wine, sketch, drill, burgher are borrowings from [blank]

Low Countries

Ballet, boulevard, canteen, cartoon, champagne are borrowings from [blank]

French

Caribou, moccasin, moose, raccoon, skunk, squaw are borrowings from [blank]

Native American Languages

Chili, chocolate, coyote, barbecue are borrowings from [blank] or [blank]

Spanish, Portuguese

Bangle, bungalow, china, coolie, curry, guru, jungle are borrowings from [blank] (country)

India

Banana, Boer, chimpanzee, gorilla are borrowings from [blank]

African languages

Wombat, cooey, koala are borrowings from [blank]

Australian languages

Earliest word list in English was created before [blank] (year)

1400

First English monolingual dictionary was created by [blank] in [blank] century. It was called

Robert Cawdrey, 17th, Table Alphabeticall

In [blank] century, Samuel Johnson published [blank]

18th, A Dictionary of the English Language

A resolution calling for a new English dictionary in 1858 led to the creation of [blank]

The Oxford English Dictionary

The first installment of The Oxford English Dictionary covering a part of letter A was issued in [blank] (year)

1884

The Final section of The Oxford English Dictionary was issued in [blank] (year)

1928

William Bullokar wrote [blank]

Pamphlet of Grammar

Joseph Priestley wrote [blank] in the [blank] century

The Rudiments of English Grammar, 18th

Robert Lowth wrote [blank] in the [blank] century

Short Introduction to English Grammar, 18th

The Doctrine of Usage (Priestle) defined usage as [blank x3]

present, national, reputable

[blank] published Dialogue in the [blank] century. The alphabet was increased to [blank] letters.

Thomas Smith, 34

John Hart in his work [blank], published in the [blank] century criticized English for [blank] (too few symbols describing existing sounds), [blank] (the use of a wrong symbol, e.g. g in gentle and give), and [blank] (putting the written symbol in the wrong order, e.g. fable should be fabel)

Ortographie, 16th, diminution, superfluity, misplacing

Noah Webster wrote [blank], a three part book on spelling, grammar and reading. He was an influential figure in the development of [blank]

A Grammatical Institute of the English Language, American English

Ascertainment was a feature of the [blank]

Renaissance

The ME verbal ending -s was first started to to be used in the [blank]

Northern Dialects

Germanic Invasion of Britain took place in the [blank] century

5th

Christianization of Britain took place in the [blank] century

7th

Establishmed of the Danelaw took place in the [blank] century

9th

Norman Conquest took place in the [blank] century

11th

First session of the Parliament in English took place in the [blank] century

14th

Written standard of English developed in the [blank] century

15th

English settlement in America took place in the [blank] century

17th

Grimm's law was established in the [blank] century

19th

In the Renaissance the language that was used in higher education and schoolarship was [blank]

Latin

Middle English witnessed the process of lengthening short vowels in [blank]

open syllables of disyllabic words

Long vowels got [blank] in Middle English

shortened

Middle English inflections got simplified due to the contact with [blank]

Old Norse

The use of /v/ and /z/ at the beginning of words in ME was a [blank] influence

French

The shift of PIE voiced stops to voiceless stops was explained by [blank]

Jakob Grimm