TEAS first 4 anatomy

Digestive System: Digestive system

The organ system that begins at the mouth and ends at the anus; its main function is to break down food for absorption and distribution of nutrients to the rest of the body.

Digestive System: Mouth

The oral cavity at the entry to the alimentary canal.

Digestive System: Anus

The opening through which feces are eliminated from the digestive tract.

Digestive System: Gland

An organ that secretes a substance.

Digestive System: Chemical (enzymatic) digestion

The breakdown of food by enzymes for absorption.

Digestive System: Smooth muscle

Involuntary muscle involved in mechanical digestion and movement of food through the digestive system; its digestive activity is controlled by the parasympathetic nervous system.

Digestive System: Nervous system

A complex system that controls and affects every part of the body in daily life functions and in the constant drive to maintain homeostasis.

Digestive System: Stomach

A sac made of smooth muscle where food is mechanically mixed and chemically digested; stomach contractions mix food with secretions to form chyme.

Digestive System: Large intestine

Comprised of the cecum, colon, rectum, and anal canal; it absorbs remaining water and salt, absorbs vitamin K, and stores feces before elimination.

Digestive System: Rectum

The portion of the large intestine where waste accumulates before it is eliminated through the anus.

Digestive System: Enzyme

A substance produced (by saliva in this case) that acts as a catalyst; it speeds up chemical digestion. most enzymes are proteins.

Digestive System: Mechanical digestion

The physical breakdown of food into smaller pieces, which increasing surface area for chemical digestion.

Digestive System: Saliva

A fluid in the mouth that lubricates food with mucus and contains enzymes such as amylase and lipase that begin chemical digestion.

Digestive System: Amylase

An enzyme in saliva that initiates chemical digestion of starch.

Digestive System: Lipase

A pancreatic enzyme that breaks down fat; lipase is also present in saliva and initiates lipid digestion in the mouth.

Digestive System: Lipids

Fatty acids that are insoluble in water.

Digestive System: Bolus

chewed food that is swallowed and moves through the digestive tract.

Digestive System: Deglutition

The process of swallowing a bolus.

Digestive System: Pharynx

The throat region through which the swallowed bolus passes on its way to the esophagus.

Digestive System: Epiglottis

A structure that closes the tracheal opening during swallowing so food does not enter the respiratory system.

Digestive System: Esophagus

A muscular tube that carries the bolus from the pharynx to the stomach.

Digestive System: Peristalsis

Rhythmic contractions of smooth muscle that move food through the digestive tract.

Digestive System: Esophageal (cardiac) sphincter

prevents reflux of food from the stomach back into the esophagus.

Digestive System: Chyme

The semifluid mass of partly digested food that moves from the stomach to the small intestine.

Digestive System: Hydrochloric acid (HCl)

A stomach secretion that creates the acidic environment needed for protein digestion and helps activate pepsinogen into pepsin.

Digestive System: Pepsinogen

An inactive stomach enzyme precursor that is converted into pepsin in the acidic environment created by hydrochloric acid.

Digestive System: Pepsin

A stomach enzyme that breaks down proteins; it is activated from pepsinogen by hydrochloric acid.

Digestive System: Mucus in the stomach

A stomach secretion that lines and protects the stomach while digestion occurs.

Digestive System: Small intestine

The main site of chemical digestion and nutrient absorption; it includes the duodenum and ileum among its specialized regions.

Digestive System: Duodenum

The first part of the small intestine; it receives chyme from the stomach, pancreatic secretions, and bile, and helps neutralize acidic chyme.

Digestive System: Bicarbonate

An alkaline substance in pancreatic secretions that neutralizes acidic chyme in the duodenum; bicarbonate is also produced by the duodenum as part of brush-border secretions.

Digestive System: Bile

An alkaline digestive secretion made by the liver and stored in the gallbladder; it helps with lipid/fat digestion but is not an enzyme.

Digestive System: Gallbladder

The organ that stores bile made by the liver and releases it into the small intestine.

Digestive System: Brush border enzymes

Enzymes associated with the lining of the small intestine, including proteases, lactase, and other disaccharidases, that help complete chemical digestion.

Digestive System: Proteases

Protein-digesting enzymes found among the brush-border enzymes of the small intestine.

Digestive System: Lactase

A brush-border enzyme that digests lactose.

Digestive System: Disaccharidases

Brush-border enzymes that break disaccharides into simpler sugars.

Digestive System: Villi

Fingerlike projections in the small intestine that increase surface area for nutrient absorption.

Digestive System: Microvilli

Microscopic projections on intestinal cells that greatly increase surface area for nutrient absorption.

Digestive System: Hydrophilic

Water-soluble or polar; hydrophilic digested nutrients can be absorbed into blood.

Digestive System: Lacteals

Lymphatic vessels in intestinal villi that absorb lipids

Digestive System: Chylomicrons

Particles that transport absorbed lipids from the small intestine into lacteals.

Digestive System: Vitamin B12

A nutrient absorbed mainly in the ileum of the small intestine.

Digestive System: Hepatic portal duct / hepatic portal circulation

The route carrying nutrient-rich blood from the small intestine to the liver for processing.

Digestive System: Liver

An organ that produces bile, regulates glycogen storage.

it also processes absorbed nutrients, deaminates amino acids, converts ammonia to urea, metabolizes consumed toxins, and stores glucose as glycogen.

Digestive System: Deamination

The liver process of removing an amino group from amino acids, producing ammonia that can be converted to urea.

Digestive System: Urea

during amino acid metabolism, this nitrogen-containing waste product formed by the liver

Digestive System: Glycogen

glucose when stored by the liver

Digestive System: Cecum

The first part of the large intestine; the vermiform appendix projects from it.

Digestive System: Vermiform appendix

A narrow projection from the cecum.

Digestive System: Colon

The major portion of the large intestine that absorbs remaining water and salt and contains bacteria involved in fermentation.

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Digestive System: Bacteria in the colon

Microorganisms that ferment waste material in the colon; the large intestine also absorbs vitamin K produced/associated with intestinal bacteria.

Digestive System: Vitamin K

A vitamin absorbed in the large intestine.

Digestive System: Hormone

A chemical messenger produced by a gland and transported by the bloodstream that regulates specific processes in the body.

Digestive System: Ghrelin

A hormone that induces hunger.

Digestive System: Leptin

A hormone that causes the sensation of satiety.

Digestive System: Satiety

The sensation of fullness that reduces hunger; leptin promotes this sensation.

Digestive System: Insulin

A hormone that allows cells to take in glucose.

Digestive System: Glucagon

A hormone that stimulates the breakdown of stored glycogen.

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Digestive System: Bile vs. enzyme

Bile contains chemicals that aid digestion, especially of lipids, but bile is not an enzyme.

Digestive System: Where are digested nutrients absorbed?

Blood vessels along the stomach and small and large intestines absorb digested nutrients; the small intestine is the major site of nutrient absorption.

Digestive System: Digestive tract sequence

Mouth → pharynx → esophagus → stomach → small intestine → cecum → colon/large intestine → rectum → anus.

Digestive System: What happens to food in the mouth?

Mechanical digestion begins by chewing and grinding; saliva lubricates food and provides amylase and lipase to begin chemical digestion.

Digestive System: What prevents food from entering the respiratory system?

The epiglottis closes the tracheal opening during swallowing.

Digestive System: What moves the bolus through the esophagus?

Peristalsis, rhythmic contractions of smooth muscle.

Digestive System: What forms chyme?

Stomach contractions mechanically break down and mix food with mucus, hydrochloric acid, and pepsinogen/pepsin to form chyme.

Digestive System: What happens to chyme in the duodenum?

It is neutralized by bicarbonate from pancreatic secretions and receives alkaline bile; brush-border enzymes also continue chemical digestion.

Digestive System: What does the small intestine absorb?

hydrophilic nutrients into blood, lipids into lacteals as chylomicrons, and vitamin B12.

Digestive System: What happens to nutrient-rich blood after small-intestine absorption?

It travels through hepatic portal circulation to the liver, where nutrients are processed and stored and toxins are metabolized.

Digestive System: What does the large intestine absorb?

Remaining water and salt, as well as vitamin K.

Digestive System: Where is undigested food stored before elimination?

In the rectum.

Digestive System: How is waste eliminated?

Waste accumulates in the rectum and is ejected through the anus.

Cardiovascular System: Cardiovascular system

The system comprised of the heart and blood vessels; it moves blood around the body for nutrient distribution, hormone transport, oxygen delivery, and waste removal.

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Cardiovascular System: Atria

The two upper chambers of the heart.

Cardiovascular System: Ventricles

The two lower chambers of the heart.

Cardiovascular System: Cardiac muscle

Involuntary muscle found in the heart.

Cardiovascular System: heart valves

Valves that control the flow of blood into and out of heart chambers and prevent backflow.

Cardiovascular System: Arteries

Vessels that carry blood away from the heart toward other body parts.

Cardiovascular System: Veins

Vessels that carry blood toward the heart from other body parts.

Cardiovascular System: Capillaries

Tiny vessels that connect smaller arteries (arterioles) to smaller veins (venules) and carry out exchange, including gas exchange, with tissues.

Cardiovascular System: Endothelium

The single layer of cells forming the walls of capillaries.

Cardiovascular System: Pulmonary circulation

The loop that carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs, where it is oxygenated, and returns oxygenated blood to the left atrium.

Cardiovascular System: Systemic circulation

The loop that carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the body and returns deoxygenated blood to the right atrium.

Cardiovascular System: Systole

The portion of the cardiac cycle in which the heart muscles contract and blood is expelled.

Cardiovascular System: Diastole

The portion of the cardiac cycle in which the heart muscles relax and the chambers fill with blood.

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Cardiovascular System: Atrioventricular (AV) valves

The mitral and tricuspid valves; they close during ventricular systole and contribute to the first heart sound, 'lub.'

Cardiovascular System: Mitral/bicuspid valve

An atrioventricular valve between the left atrium and left ventricle.

Cardiovascular System: Tricuspid valve

An atrioventricular valve between the right atrium and right ventricle.

Cardiovascular System: Semilunar valves

Valves associated with the aorta and pulmonary trunk that close to prevent back flow into the ventricles; contributes to the second heart sound, 'dub.'

Cardiovascular System: Sinoatrial (SA) node

The heart's pacemaker; it sends electrical signals that control heart contractions.

Cardiovascular System: Pacemaker

The sinoatrial node, which generates electrical signals that initiate and regulate heart contractions.

Cardiovascular System: Lub-dub

The two major heart sounds: 'lub' from AV valve closure and 'dub' from semilunar valve closure.

Cardiovascular System: Why do arteries have thick walls?

Arteries have thick muscular walls to withstand the high pressure of blood pumped by the heart.

Cardiovascular System: How do veins differ from arteries?

Veins have thinner muscular walls and larger lumens than arteries and carry blood toward the heart.