ansc 108

castrated male pig

barrow

where is fat evaluated on swine

• jowls

• behind shoulder

• over top

• rear and front flanks

• underline

predominant swine production states are located in?

Midwest; it produces most corn and soybean meal

swine diet

corn: energy source

soybean: primary protein source

spraying

gets rid of external parasites

pork producing countries

1. china

2. european union

3. brazil

4. vietnam

top 5 swine ? states (midwest oriented)

1. iowa

2. minnesota

3. north carolina (not midwest + corporate)

4. illinois

5. indiana

where is most of the swine production in texas based in?

texas panhandle

why is the panhandle preffered?

• away from large cities (environmental soundness)

• water availability

• feedstruffs

• remote locations

• trainable workforce

what percentage of hogs in the market are crossbred?

95%

rotational system

• most popular

• market hogs are produced as well as replacement gilts

• sire breeds are rotated each generation

• replacement females are kept and mated to the sire breed that is least related

• lower heterosis than terminal

terminal system

• all of the offspring is marketed

• no replacement gilts are kept

• consistent genetics

• better performance

rotaterminal system

• combination of rotational and terminal

• maximum heterosis

• 20% focused on maternal genetics

• 80% is terminal

sow gestation length

3 months, 3 weeks, 3 days = 114 days

sow farrowing crates

• 5×7

• sows are moved around a week before birth

• sow side: water and feed, cooler temp (60-65 deg)

• piglet side: escape underneath to nurse, warmer temp (85-90)

all in, all out

• everyone enters and leaves at once for sow to give birth

• clean and disinfect farrowing house before next sow comes in

farrowing houses

• high biosecurity

__ pounds of feed per __ of gain

3 pounds; 1 pound

baby pig processing steps

1. clip needle teeth

2. cut navel cord

3. iron injection to prevent anemia

4. dock tail for safety

5. crastrating males

6. ear notching

right ear notch

litter number

left ear notch

individual number

ear notching chart (usually)

pigs right, our left
pigs left, our right

sow underline

6 teats on each side preffered = 12 in total

sow underline issues

• inverted teats

• blunted teats

• extremely small

• poor spacing

piglets are?

creatures of habits

sows produce __ milk in the front of their udder and __ in the back part of their udder

more; less

runt piglet

suck on the back of the udders (less milk)

bigger piglets

suck on the front of the udders (more milk)

ewe

female sheep

wether

castrated male sheep or goat

mutton

meat from sheep over one year of age

edward’s plateu

where majority of sheep are located

main type of ewes used are?

rambouillet and rambouillet crosses

top states for lamb feedlot industry

1. colorado

2. texas

hair production breed

angora goat for mohair

meat production goat

boer goat: brown face & neck

milk production goat

saanen

butterfat production goat

nubian

top state for dairy production

1. wisconsin

2. california

lamb are __ breeders. they breed in the __ and lamb in the __.

seasonal; fall; spring

sheep and goat gestation length

150 days

estrous cycle for sheep

17 days

estrous cycle for goats

21 days

reasons for tail docking?

sanitation reasons

elastrator

can be used for docking and castration

crutching

removing wool around reproductive tract for hygienic reasons

• usually during lambing season (around udder)

facing

trimming wool around face to prevent wool blindness

way to remove internal parasites or deworm

drenching

predator control for sheep

• great pyraneese

• donkeys

• llamas

where is the dental pad?

top of mouth with teeth at the bottom

when do they get a full mouth of teeth?

4 years

sore mouth

• scabs around mouth

• zoonotic

overshot

• overbite

• “parrot mouth”

• more common than under

undershot

• underbite

• “monkey mouth”

mohair production is __ in Texas?

#1

heifer

female that has not produced calf

steer

castrated male cattle

feedlots

higher concentrate diet

starts with roughage then gets more concentrated

leading cattle countries

1. brazil

2. india

3. USA

texas is #1 in the nation for total __

cattle, ranches, # of beef cattle, and feed lot cattle

cow calf

calf is born and is sold right after weaning

what do commercial producers prefer?

crossbed genetics

big seed stock operations

#3 44 farms, Cameron, TX

#6 R.A Brown Ranch, TX

#1 cow calf operation in the US

Deseret Cattle & Citrus, FL

cattle estrous cycle

21 days

cattle gestation length

283 days, 9 months

stocker operation

after weaning, grass or forage based diet is introduced

fall / winter months

minimum 100 days in feedlot 

methods of identification

• tattoos

• ear tag

• hot branding

• freeze branding

• electronic ear tags

why do we castrate?

• aggresive bulls become docile

• fatten faster

• prevents poor genetics

easiest way to dehorn

polled genetics

• higher $$ value

ear implants

more efficiency and rate of gain

10-15%

does not affect quality grades

where are injections usually given?

shoulder and neck (preferably neck) (triangular region)

frame size

height of animal

depends on age and sex

large frame = 9

avg cows today = 3-5

scrotum circumference

minimum of 30-32 cm

• larger scrotum = heifers that mature quicker and breed faster

• too large 40 cm maximum (30 > x < 40)

what affects weaning weight

age and sex

when do cows produce the best quantity of milk?

5-10 years of age

dystocia

difficult birth

cimmon in younger

affected by:

• birth weight of calf

• sex of calf

• pelvic size

EPD

expected progency difference

• genetic estimate of offspring performance

what does milking ability reflect?

weaning weight of calf

fastest growing in feedlot?

highest yearling weight

which would you keep away from first calf heifers

higherst birth weight

which should give birth to more maternal daughters?

maternal milk EPD

EPD difference

+1

-3 

difference between both is 4

fat

deposited from front to back

fatter = softer, smoother over ribs

fatter on brisket, belly and flank

hock

what affects yield grade?

cutability

what impacts quality grade?

marbling and maturity

beef quality grades

prime, choice, select, standard

average dressing percent for beef

62%

yield grades for lamb

predict % of boneless closely trimmed retail cuts

• round, loin, rib, chuck

4 factors that impact yield grade

1. external fat thickness over ribeye at 12th rib

2. kPH

3. REA

4. carcass weight

lamb quality grades

prime, choice, good, utiliity

lamb yield grade based on

12th rib fat

lamb yield grade equation

0.4 + (10 x adjusted fat thickness)

where is muscle evaluated on swine

• forearm

• shoulder

• top

• loin

• rump

• ham

swine dressing percent

72%

simple stomach & skin stays on

swine loin eye area

(2 * live weight / 100)+ 0.5

swine muscle score

1. thin

2. moderate

3. thick (avg for show pigs)

pork cuts

• ham

• loin

• picnic shoulder: lower shoulder

• boston: upper shoulder

quarter or round