Sociology 110 - Exam 1 - Porter

Theory

- A set of ideas intended to help us gain insight & new ways of understanding

- Needed to make sense of facts/data collected

- Can complement or contradict each other

- Tools meant to be put to practice, not just exist

Sociological Imagination

The ability to link our personal lives and experiences with the social world

White Privilege

Societal privileges that benefit white people in Western countries beyond what is commonly experienced by non-white people under the same social, political, or economic circumstances.

According to McIntosh and Lee, whites in a society considered culturally a part of the Western World enjoy advantages that non-whites do not experience. Often described as invisible.

Functionalism

- Macro sociology (large scale)

-Emile Durkheim

-Organic solidarity

-Social Constraint

-Social Facts (ways of thinking and acting formed by the society that existed before any one individual and will still exist after any individual is dead, ex: law)

-Latent (unintended/indirect, social connections made) and Manifest (intended, get degree at JMU) functions

-Population growth leads to people becoming specialized and mutual interdependence

- Society is held together by a set of institutions; each with a function

-All about equilibrium

Social Conflict Theory

- Macro sociology

- Society is held together by power and coercion (inequality). Hidden agendas

- Larger power forces take advantage of lower status/power people. Power structures

-Karl Marx

-Class division (workers/bourgeoisie), hierarchies

paths of least resistance

-People make systems happen and systems layout. Individual Actions cannot change systemic issues alone

-Patterns of interaction that will meet the least resistance from others. The more they are followed the stronger they get.

Nation-State

Form of political organization in which a group of people who share the same history, traditions, or language live in a particular area under one government

Globophiliacs

Supporters of global networking possibilities

-Advocates of globalization (Friedman)

Globophobics

Fearful of the unequal distributions of power and access

-Against globalization (Ghemawat)

Globalization from below

Aim of anthropologists to build a conversation about world society in the making — among ourselves and with other specialists, ultimately with the general public.

Individuals/communities hurting as a result from globalization

Nations as Imagined Political Communities

- A socio-political construction

1 - Imagined due to sheer size (impossible to actually connect, we envision borders and hold them to be true)

2 - Limited borders (there's an inside and outside, ID in-group)

3 - Sovereign (free/ independent, diff from any other place)

4 - Community (feelings of comradery)

Globalization

Process by which businesses develop international influence or start operating on an international scale.

intensification of worldwide social relations which link distant localities in such a way that local happenings are shaped by events occurring many miles away and vice versa

Imperialism

- Policy/agenda by which a country increases its control over other areas of the world

- Fuels practice of colonialism

- Economic/political motivation

*think empires

Colonialism

- Control of a nation over a dependent country, territory, or people

- Establishing a physical presence

Post-Colonialism

- Looks at issues of power, economics, politics, religion, and culture and how these elements work in relation to colonial hegemony

- Edward Said

- Critics concerned with literature produced by colonial powers and works produced by those who are/were colonized

Orientalism

- Edward Said

- West's stereotypical perceptions of East and vice versa (think of arabs in turbans riding camels)

- Rooted in colonialism

- Creation of the "us vs. them" mentalities

National Identity

A sense of a nation represented by distinctive traditions, culture, and language.

-share of ID of a nation state

Neo-liberalism

(economic oriented, reliance globalization has on capitalism)

- Belief in free market/deregulation

- Free trade agreements

- Friedman: World is flat advocate

- IMF, World Bank, and structural adjustment

-Often connected to americanization (favoring western ideals/US as world power)

Treaty of Westphalia

- European settlements of 1648

- Brought to an end the Eighty Years' War between Spain and the Dutch and the German phase of the Thirty Years' War.

-peace treaties, marked end of 30 years war

(As a result of the Treaty of Westphalia, the Netherlands gained independence from Spain, Sweden gained control of the Baltic and France was acknowledged as the preeminent Western power. The power of the Holy Roman Emperor was broken and the German states were again able to determine the religion of their lands.

The principle of state sovereignty emerged as a result of the Treaty of Westphalia and serves as the basis for the modern system of nation-states.)

Social Stratification

Refers to a system by which a society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy

Norms

A standard, especially of social behavior, that is typical or expected of a group

Post-Nationalism

Process by which nation states & national identities lose their importance relative to supranational and global entities

How it Began (Greene)

- Reflection on childhood/maps

- Factors assisted Britain in building an empire

*New technology from the Industrial Revolution

*Cheap labor

*Accumulation of capital

*Dev. of foreign markets

Americanization

- US as a world power/lead influence

- World has become westernized

Material

The focus on objects and forces

Ideal

Change in thinking in ideas, information, and knowledge from local to global

Threats to Nation-States

- Technological/financial changes

- War, terrorism, environmental degradation

- International human rights/UNCHR

- "Shadows of war"

Transnationalism

- Transcending national boundaries

- Movements of goods, bodies, practices, and ideas across national boundaries, so the strict distinction among nations becomes more flexible or altered

-creation of social fields beyond borders, yet still reliant on national sovereignty (id still matters when you travel b/w nations)

Cartography

The study of mapmaking

(maps evolved from pictorial to a science with rules and structure and now is technology based)

Mercator Projection

a map projection of the earth onto a cylinder, the one we use, where Greenland is as big as S. America. Takes spherical shape and smush into 2-D so distorts certain sizes

Peter's Projection

this shows Africa much larger and more correct

Upside-down Map/Torres-Garcia

by Uruguayan artist, first of its kind, upside down

Hobo-Dyer Projection

South up map, changed the orientation

Textbook Bias

- Invisibility: what you don't see makes a lasting impression

- Stereotyping: shortcuts to bigotry

- Imbalance and selectivity: a tale half told

- Unreality: rose-colored glasses

- Fragmentation/isolation: parts are less than the whole

- Linguistic bias: words count

- Cosmetic bias: shiny covers

Symbolic Interactionism

- Micro sociology

-Interpretation of symbols

-Fluidity in meaning

-George Mead, Herbert Blumer (Action depends on meaning, different meanings for different people, meanings can change)

- Society is created through social interaction

-focus on small scale interactions/relationships between individuals

Comte

Coined the term "sociology"

Weber

- Examination of bureaucracies

- Influence of Christianity on western society and capitalism

Martineau

- All aspects of society must be examined

- Must include women's lives in sociological studies

DuBois

Double consciousness

Meritocracy

Government/the holding of power by people selected on the basis of their ability or hard work

(an elite group of people whose progress is based on ability and talent rather than on class privilege or wealth. a system in which such persons are rewarded and advanced: The dean believes the educational system should be a meritocracy. leadership by able and talented persons.)

Globalization from above

Multinational corporations creating bourgeoisie elites who bring cars, music, and a different way of life into developing countries

Countries/companies benefit from globalization

Qatar

"Localize the global, globalize the local" (watch ted talk)

Postnationalism

the process or trend by which nation states and national identities lose their importance relative to supranational and global entities

Brexit

The withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union

Connectography

When connectivity meets geography

Personal Troubles

Occur within the "character of the individual and within the range of his relationships with others" (Mills)

EX: one person is unemployed

Social Issues/Public Issues

"Public matter: some value cherished by publics is felt to be threatened" (Mills)

EX: 10,000 people are unemployed

Kipling's White Man's Burden

Poem that said white people have to westernize the non white people, spread our cultural views to them and trade.

It is a burden to have to teach them how to act.

Individualism

The habit of being independent and self reliant; society theory favoring freedom of actions for individuals over collective or state control

(encourages us to explain the world in terms of what goes on inside individuals & nothing else, gives the idea that society is just people)

Cultural Imperialism

The practice of promoting a culture, usually of a politically powerful nation, over a less powerful society.

Ex: Fast food (McDonalds) are branded all over the world and in commercials -- they represent an "American way of living"

Structural Violence

Systematic ways in which social structures harm or otherwise disadvantage individuals

(ex: life expectancy for people in europe vs people in Africa, people without access to health care, people who live on less than $2/day)

Dimensions of Globalization

-Economic (trade agreements, multinational corps, financial flows/investments, tech)

-Political (human rights, IGO's, standards, treaties, transnationalism)

-Cultural (cultural homogenization, and hybridity, cultural reification, language fusion)

-Environmental (human effect on humans, food production, water usage, land degradation, alternative energy)

Intersectionality

Sociological theory that examines the intersections between various systems of oppression. (like with feminism all aspects of social and political identities (gender, race, class, sexuality, disability, etc.) discrimination overlap (or "intersect")

Situational "role"

A social status where when you leave, the status goes away (ex: driver, mail carrier)

Ascribed "role"

Social status that is assigned at birth or involuntarily later in life (ex: father, white male)

Achieved "role"

A social status one takes on voluntarily to reflect their abilities (ex: lead singer, graduate)

Race-blind vs Race conscious casting

Race-blind casting for me would mean something like We're going to do William Shakespeare, and we're just going to cast the roles with whoever is the best person for the part. As opposed to race-conscious casting, which is very much saying These are parts that are designed for people of color. The musical styles of the singing are not white styles. The dance is not white.

-casting without regard for race vs. being purposeful

Basically what the supposedly color-blind casting does, is it gives Hamilton, the show, the ability to say, Oh, we're not just telling old, white history. This isn't your stuffy old-school history that's just praising white people. Look, we've got people of color in the cast. This is everybody's story.Which, it isn't. It's still white history. And no amount of casting people of color disguises the fact that they're erasing people of color from the actual narrative.

The Five Rings

In

1978, President Carter signed the Amateur Sports Act, which comprehensively

reorganized the US elite sports establishment and handed the United States

Olympic Committee the incredibly lucrative commercial rights to the five-ring

Olympic logo in the United States.

-olympics originally made to bring countries together in peaceful friendly competition

Globalization of nothing

• Identical, mass produced and controlled items - mcdonalds, spreading globally

Leapfrogging

Sociieties skipping stages of development- changing economic and social structures rapidly

Remittances

Money, goods, behaviors, and ideas migrated people send back to their home country- exchange of ideas and knowledge

Thomas Malthus

Wrote : Premise - population grows geometrically while food grows arithmetically

Oliver Olivera

Activist during the cohamabama water war

Prior Appropriation/ Riparian Rights Water grabbing

Inequitable appropriation of water resources by powerful actors

Tragedy of the commons

Unregulated, shared resources are exploited by self-interest

Global health imperialism

Colonia era power dynamics- high income nations dictating funding for lower income nations- white priviliage

Cultural differentialism

(clash of civilization- samuel huntington)

Looking at the spread of cultural ideas

• If one doesn’t protect ones culture, the culture is lost

Theodore Adorna

Says capitlist societies restricts freedoms

Brain drain

Large scale emmigration of highly skilled individuals from developed countries

Internally displaced

Someone forced out their home, but remains in the countries borders

Diamond v. Chakrabarty Case (1980)

Made man-man living organisms pattenable

UNHCR

Inaliable rights for all people

Arjun Appadurai

Created the 5 scopes of globalizaion

1. Ethnoscapes; Flow of people (immigration)

2. Mediascapes: Flow of media

3. Technoscapes: Flow of technology

4. Financscapes: Flow of economics

5. Ideoscapes: Flow of ideas and poilitics

Food Deserts/Food Apartheid

Food deserts:

• Geographical lack of access to healthly/affordable food

• Systemic and intentional lack of access to afforable/healthy food due to racial oppression

Cultural Convergence

• Homogenization, cultural imperialism, world culture

Norman Borlaug

The green revolution

TPS

Temporary protected status

stateless persons

Not recognized by any conutry or nation

Double injustice

Someone being vocitimized by a crime and then later victimized by the system

DACA

Immigration policy protecting from deportation and a 2 year work permit if undocumented person born in the US

Green revolution

Modernization of agriculutre to increase food population

Tarek el Tayeb Mohamed Bouzzizi

Commited suicide by lighting himself on fire outside of governemnt official building after being denied meeting with officials - began arab spring

Garbage Patch

Are with high marine debris trapped by ocean currents

Garret Hardin

Tragedy of the commons

Eleanor Ostrom

Common Pool

Modern slavery (reading)

Forced Labor and trafficing

International migration - Koser (reading)

Using interviews with migrants from around the world, Koser presents the human side of issues such as asylum, human trafficking, migrant smuggling, and the international labour force, inviting readers to come to their own conclusions on the international migration situation today.

The globaization of us (reading)

Anti-social media

Says FB prioritizes engagement over healthy civic discourse

Politics of Seed in Ethopia's Agricultura Transformation (reading)

Shifting from state led to market driven - impacted by climate change

Youth, Voice, Media and Engagement, Jenkins (reading)

Blending social media involivment with civil action