Final Exam JJ

Which of the following IS true regarding
juvenile gangs?

Predatory gangs are the most common of
gang types
B. fewer girls are involved in gangs than in
the past, and they are participating less in drug
use and delinquent
C. most youths are hard-core gang members
D. Gangs are typically ethnically homogenous
(similar ethnically) and most gang offenses
are intraethnic
(between ethnically different gangs)

D. Gangs are typically ethnically homogenous
(similar ethnically) and most gang offenses
are intraethnic
(between ethnically different gangs)

Of the five strategies used by communities to
address gang problems, _________ is the most
used yet the one that National Youth Gang Survey
respondents (and Dr. Diego Vigil) think is the least
effective, and ______ is the one least used but
thought to be most effective:
A. opportunities provision / organizational
change and development
B. suppression / organizational change and
development
C. suppression / opportunities provision
D. social intervention / suppression

C. suppression / opportunities provision

What is a federal statute that is used
to prosecute gang members who
participate in an organized criminal
enterprise?

The RICO Act

What are some constitutional
issues with civil gang
injunctions?

They may violate rights such as
freedom of association, freedom of
speech, and the right to privacy;
using civil legal standards to
potentially impose criminal penalties
may deprive individuals of their
rights

Explain the role of multiple
marginality in the problem of
youth gangs, according to Diego
Vigil in A Rainbow of Gangs,
including at least two of the
marginalities he discussed

Diego Vigil argues that multiple marginalities
contribute to youth joining gangs and the
continuing problems associated with gangs.
Multiple marginalities are ways in which
certain persons or groups are relegated to the
fringes of society where social and economic
conditions result in powerlessness. Economic,
ecological, sociocultural and psychological
factors form a framework of multiple
marginalities pushing kids toward gangs.

According to Chapter 15 of T &
F, holistic intervention strategies
target a number of risk factors
including:
A. Past Criminal History
B. Family Problems
C. Poverty
D. All of the above.
E. Only A and B

D. All of the above (risk factors)

According to Chapter 15 in T &
F, rather than focusing on
punitive strategies, we should
focus on__________

Earlier interventions (these can
enhance parent-child relationships,
increase emotional and/or cognitive
development for children, improve
educational outcomes, and decrease
criminal activity)

What are call-in programs for
offenders? According to
Professor Smith, which of the
two gang control tactics the text
mentioned are most like what is
done in call-in programs?

Call-in programs involve community
members “calling in” offenders to a
community meeting of some sort to address
crime issues. These programs usually offer
services, similar to opportunities provision
strategies, and threaten swift and certain
enforcement, similar to suppression tactics,
if offenders continue to commit violent
crime

What are some qualities of
effective community-based
corrections programs for
juveniles?

Changing behavior and improving
social skills;
Tailoring the program to the
individual;
Teaching problem-solving skills

Which theories are connected to
Vigil’s piece on gangs and what
does he think an effective gang
response should include?

Social control, strain, social
learning, labeling / Resolve
problems arising from the social
and economic inequalities in
our society, so focus on the
macro level; at the very least,
work on the intermediate level
to improve social control—
schools, families, law
enforcement

According to Chapter 14 (Special Populations)
in T & F...
A. Family members make up the bulk of
offenders against children
B. Adult offenders are responsible for a
majority of all crimes against juveniles
C. More children were neglected than
physically abused, and more children were
physically abused than sexually abused
D. All of the Above
E. Only A and B

D. (chapter 14)

Identify at least two contributors to
youthful sex offending

Drug and fetal-alcohol-related
syndromes, family dysfunction,
emotional, physical and sexual abuse
during childhood

Juvenile hackers are most often:
A. From low income families
B. Male
C. Hispanic
D. All of the above
E. A and B only

B. Juvenile hackers are most often
from middle or high income
families and are more likely white

What are some
characteristics of rampage
killers, in comparison to
typical murderers?

They are older, better educated, more
likely to be white and out of
work...and dead (they don’t get
away, are more likely to kill
themselves than other murderers)

What did Williams state in
“Provide Justice for
Prostituted Teens” that
informs changes to be
made to our approach to
this problem?

Williams states that there is mounting evidence
that commercially sexually exploited youth have
been repeatedly victimized in a variety of ways
(physical, emotional, sexual abuse); The sexual
victimization of youth via prostitution received
little attention in the past because of the secrecy
of the behavior, the vulnerability and young age
of the victims, and the variety of tactics used by
the perpetrators.

True or False: According to T &
F, if delinquency and drug use are
only inconsistently correlated,
then it makes sense to focus our
efforts not on the enforcement of
drug laws, but rather the
intervention and treatment of
adolescent drug users.

True

How effective are drug courts?

Drug court participants have
average recidivism rates two to
four times lower than those who
do not participate in drug courts

Which of the following is true about boot camps,
according to Chapter 12 (and your professor)?
a.A criticism of boot camps is that the nature of boot
camps does not fit well with the basic principles of
adolescent developments
b.A criticism of boot camps is they violate a
principle of the juvenile justice system, which is
individualized treatment
c.Evaluations of boot camps provide mixed
findings, and an OJJDP study of them in three
cities found that none of them demonstrated a
reduction in recidivism
d.All of the above
e.Only A and B

D. All of the above (chapter 12)

What did Krisberg report in
Breaking the Cycle of Abuse in
Juvenile Facilities and what did
he recommend? What did he
mean by “Normative Culture”
training?

Krisberg reported on terrible conditions of
confinement in youth facilities in several
states—California, Texas, Indiana, Florida. He
made a number of recommendations including
implementing research-based risk and needs
assessment classification systems to identify
youth most likely to be victims and victimizers;
limiting living units to 20 youth; increasing staff
to youth ratios; training staff in techniques like
Normative Culture to create “communities of
dignity and respect”

Which type of offender is the
most likely to involve detention
of a juvenile in a secure facility?

Property offense

What did Williams argue we need
to address the problem of teen
prostitution?

We should not arrest and prosecute teens who
are prostituted, they should receive services;
we should target the demand part of the
equation (johns) and the supply part of the
equation (pimps); we need broader
approaches to address conditions that propel
youth into prostitution: Family violence,
sexual socialization of males that feeds
demand for teen sex workers, and patriarchal
social relations that facilitate pimps having
power over teen girls

What is the BARJ Model and
what is its basic philosophy?

The Balanced and Restorative
Justice Model / it’s an alternative,
back-to-basics philosophy
emphasizing preventing and
controlling crime—the goals include
accountability, competency
development and community safety

According to Ch. 15, describe
two of the direct results of
toughening the laws on juvenile
crime

Creating new laws and altering
existing ones to hold juveniles
more accountable and punish
them; switching from the
traditional indeterminate sentence
to determinate sentencing;
increased use of waivers

In the OJJDP Nature and Risk of Victimization
post, 4% of juveniles say they were forced to
engage in sexual activity, and _____say they were
penetrated and ____ identify staff as their
assailants.
A. 1/4, 1/4
B. 2/5, 1/4
C. 2/5, 1/2
D. /2, 1/2

C. 2/5 1/2

What is shock probation?

a type of sentencing where a convicted offender is given a brief period of incarceration, followed by a release on probation