Muscular System Hosa Bowl
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150 Terms
What are the three types of muscle tissue?
Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle
Which type of muscle is voluntary?
Skeletal muscle
Which types of muscle are involuntary?
Cardiac and smooth muscle
Which muscle type is striated and voluntary?
Skeletal muscle
Which muscle types are striated?
Skeletal and cardiac muscle
Which muscle type is non-striated?
Smooth muscle
Where is skeletal muscle found?
Attached to bones
Where is cardiac muscle found?
Heart
Where is smooth muscle found?
Walls of hollow organs and blood vessels
What is the primary function of skeletal muscle?
Movement of the skeleton
What are major functions of the muscular system?
Movement, maintenance of posture, stabilization of joints, heat production, and movement of substances through organs
What is muscle contraction?
The generation of tension by a muscle
What is the functional unit of skeletal muscle contraction?
Sarcomere
What proteins are primarily responsible for muscle contraction?
Actin and myosin
What is actin?
A thin contractile protein
What is myosin?
A thick contractile protein with heads that bind to actin
What is the sliding filament theory?
The theory that muscles contract when actin slides past myosin, shortening the sarcomere
What happens to the sarcomere during contraction?
It shortens
What happens to actin during contraction?
It slides toward the center of the sarcomere
What happens to myosin during contraction?
Myosin pulls actin toward the center of the sarcomere
What molecule provides energy for muscle contraction?
ATP
What ion is essential for initiating skeletal muscle contraction?
Calcium (Ca²⁺)
Where is calcium stored in a muscle cell?
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
What neurotransmitter stimulates skeletal muscle contraction?
Acetylcholine (ACh)
Where does acetylcholine act to initiate skeletal muscle contraction?
Neuromuscular junction
What is a neuromuscular junction?
The junction between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle fiber
What enzyme breaks down acetylcholine?
Acetylcholinesterase
What is a motor neuron?
A neuron that stimulates muscle fibers
What is a motor unit?
A motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it controls
What is the sarcolemma?
The cell membrane of a muscle fiber
What is the sarcoplasm?
The cytoplasm of a muscle fiber
What are myofibrils?
Long contractile structures inside muscle fibers
What are myofilaments?
The actin and myosin filaments within myofibrils
What is a sarcomere?
The basic functional contractile unit of skeletal and cardiac muscle
What are the boundaries of a sarcomere?
Z discs
What is the A band?
The region containing the entire length of the thick myosin filaments
What is the I band?
The region containing thin actin filaments without overlapping myosin
What is the H zone?
The central region of the A band containing only myosin
What happens to the I band during contraction?
It shortens
What happens to the H zone during contraction?
It shortens
What happens to the A band during contraction?
It remains the same length
What is a tendon?
A connective tissue structure that attaches muscle to bone
What is a ligament?
A connective tissue structure that connects bone to bone
What is the origin of a muscle?
The attachment that generally remains relatively stationary during contraction
What is the insertion of a muscle?
The attachment that generally moves during contraction
What is an agonist muscle?
The primary muscle responsible for a movement
What is an antagonist muscle?
A muscle that opposes the action of the agonist
What is a synergist?
A muscle that assists the agonist
What is an isometric contraction?
A contraction in which muscle tension increases without changing muscle length
What is an isotonic contraction?
A contraction in which muscle length changes while tension is produced
What is a concentric contraction?
A contraction in which a muscle shortens while producing force
What is an eccentric contraction?
A contraction in which a muscle lengthens while producing force
What is muscle hypertrophy?
An increase in muscle fiber size
What is muscle atrophy?
A decrease in muscle size
What is muscle fatigue?
A temporary decline in a muscle's ability to generate force
What is an oxygen debt?
The additional oxygen needed after exercise to restore the body to its resting state
What causes rigor mortis at the cellular level?
Lack of ATP prevents myosin from detaching from actin
What is the neuromuscular junction's role?
It transmits a signal from a motor neuron to a skeletal muscle fiber
What is the main function of calcium in muscle contraction?
It allows actin and myosin interaction by exposing binding sites on actin
What is the role of ATP in muscle contraction?
It provides energy and allows myosin to detach from actin
What is the prime mover?
The muscle primarily responsible for a specific movement
What is flexion?
A movement that decreases the angle of a joint
What is extension?
A movement that increases the angle of a joint
What is hyperextension?
Extension beyond the anatomical position
What is abduction?
Movement away from the body's midline
What is adduction?
Movement toward the body's midline
What is rotation?
Movement around a longitudinal axis
What is circumduction?
Circular movement combining flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction
What is dorsiflexion?
Moving the top of the foot toward the shin
What is plantar flexion?
Pointing the foot downward
What is supination?
Rotation of the forearm so the palm faces anteriorly/upward
What is pronation?
Rotation of the forearm so the palm faces posteriorly/downward
What is the biceps brachii's primary action?
Flexion of the elbow and supination of the forearm
What is the triceps brachii's primary action?
Extension of the elbow
What is the deltoid's major action?
Abduction of the arm
What is the pectoralis major's major action?
Adduction and medial rotation of the arm
What is the latissimus dorsi's major action?
Extension, adduction, and medial rotation of the arm
What is the trapezius's major role?
Movement and stabilization of the scapula
What are the rotator cuff muscles?
Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis
What is the main function of the rotator cuff?
Stabilize the shoulder joint and assist shoulder movement
Which rotator cuff muscle initiates arm abduction?
Supraspinatus
Which rotator cuff muscle laterally rotates the arm?
Infraspinatus
Which rotator cuff muscle medially rotates the arm?
Subscapularis
What is the rectus abdominis?
A major anterior abdominal muscle involved in trunk flexion
What are the oblique muscles?
Abdominal muscles involved in trunk rotation and lateral flexion
What is the diaphragm?
The primary muscle of respiration
What happens to the diaphragm during inhalation?
It contracts and moves downward
What happens to the diaphragm during exhalation?
It relaxes and moves upward
What is the gluteus maximus?
A major muscle responsible for hip extension
What is the gluteus medius?
A muscle involved in hip abduction and pelvic stabilization
What are the quadriceps?
A group of four muscles on the anterior thigh
What are the four quadriceps muscles?
Rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and vastus intermedius
What is the primary action of the quadriceps?
Extension of the knee
What is the hamstring group?
Biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus
What is the primary action of the hamstrings?
Flexion of the knee and extension of the hip
What is the gastrocnemius?
A major calf muscle involved in plantar flexion
What is the soleus?
A calf muscle involved in plantar flexion
What is the Achilles tendon?
The tendon connecting the gastrocnemius and soleus to the calcaneus
What is the masseter?
A major muscle used for chewing
What is the temporalis?
A muscle involved in elevation and retraction of the mandible