The Great War and the Middle East

Chapter 4

What are the main resolutions of Versailles regarding the future of Germany?

The Treaty of Versailles severely punished Germany by making it accept full blame for WWI, pay huge reparations, lose territory and colonies, limit its military, and demilitarize the Rhineland—measures meant to weaken Germany and prevent future aggression.

What is the League of Nations?

International organization created after World War I to promote peace and prevent future wars by encouraging countries to resolve conflicts through diplomacy instead of violence.

Why did the US not join the League of Nations?

Fearing it would drag the country into future foreign wars and limit America’s independence in making its own decisions.

What were the consequences of the War for Austria-Hungary?

Breaking into several independent countries—Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia—while losing large territories to Italy, Poland, and Romania. It also faced severe economic problems and was forbidden to unite with Germany.

 What were the major provisions of the SanRemo Conference/ Treaty of Sèvres?

Divided the Ottoman Empire’s territories among the Allies after WWI. Britain took control of Palestine, Transjordan, and Iraq, while France gained Syria and Lebanon. The treaty also recognized the independence of Armenia and Arabia and greatly reduced Ottoman territory, leaving only modern-day Turkey.

What is a Mandate? Which territories were declared mandates?

A mandate was a territory taken from a defeated country after World War I and placed under the control of another power, supervised by the League of Nations, until it was ready for self-rule.

• Britain: Palestine, Transjordan, and Iraq

• France: Syria and Lebanon

 What is Turkey's War of Independence?

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, fought against foreign countries that tried to divide their land after World War I. They won the war and created a new, independent country called Turkey.

Describe the Turkey of Mustafa Kemal? What decisions were taken in Turkey regarding its modernisation?

Turkey became a modern, independent, and secular nation. He ended the Ottoman sultanate and made many reforms to modernize the country.

• Making Turkey a republic (no more sultan).

• Separating religion from government (secularism).

• Adopting a new alphabet based on Latin letters.

• Giving women more rights, including the right to vote.

• Modernizing education, law, and clothing to be more like Europe.

The end of WWI was on 

The eleventh hour, of the eleventh day, of the eleventh month of 1918

At Versailles, in France, Woodrow Wilson wanted the New World Order based on the principles of 

Self Determination and Democracy

T or F:

The league of Nations was created to bring justice among countries, and prevent another war. It was Wilson's idea.

True 

After WWI, three empires disappeared and _______  states were created in Europe.

9 new countries

At Versailles, the French insisted that the only way to prevent another war was to have Germany:

Be declared the guilty party, and pay reparations

T or F:

The League of Nations represented a glimpse of hope for many small and poor nations. Those who believed in it thought that it was going to be the space to put an end to secret agreements and that it could be a forum to debate world problems. 

True 

After WWI Germany

a.Because they have to repay reparations they saw their economy besieged by hyperinflation

b.Saw its territory reduced

c.Had more than 6 million people unemployed

d.All are correct

e.Was forced to pay reparations

d.All are correct

T or F:

Across Europe, many people tried to make a reality the dream of a world without arms. These idealists had the best intentions, but a difficult task ahead. 

True 

Was invaded by this Italian leader in ______

Mussolini, 1935

Francisco Franco led an uprising against the government in Spain in 1936.  Franco was supported by

Hitler and Mussolini 

Hitler annexed who

Austria claiming they were part of the same German Nation in 1938claimed

Hitler annexed the Sudetenland from this country in 1938, claiming the people of this region were Germans and must belong to Germany. The next year they annexed the whole country.

Czechoslovakia