Unit 3 Chapter 2 Test

Robber Barons

A term used to describe wealthy and powerful industrialists in the late 19th century, often criticized for unethical practices.

John D. Rockefeller

Owned Standard Oil; considered the wealthiest American of all time.

Andrew Carnegie

Expanded the American steel industry; founded U.S. Steel.

Henry Ford

Developed the assembly line and created the affordable automobile.

Cornelius Vanderbilt

Built wealth in railroads and shipping; nicknamed 'The Commodore'.

Pullman Strike

Famous strike involving train car company workers, establishing precedence for government intervention in strikes.

Lawrence Textile Strike

Also known as the 'Bread and Roses Strike,' it was a major labor uprising led by immigrant workers.

Ludlow Massacre

A deadly strike where eleven children and two women died in a fire set by the National Guard.

NY Shirtwaist Strike

Known as the 'Uprising of 20,000,' involving female garment workers.

Muckrakers

Journalists and writers who exposed corruption, social injustices, and abuses of power in the early 20th century.

Lincoln Steffens

Exposed corruption in city governments in 'The Shame of the Cities'.

Ida Tarbell

Wrote 'The History of the Standard Oil Company', exposing Rockefeller’s practices.

Frank Norris

Wrote 'The Octopus', criticizing the railroad industry.

Upton Sinclair

Wrote 'The Jungle', which exposed the horrors of the meatpacking industry.

Jacob Riis

Authored 'How the Other Half Lives', documenting slum conditions in NYC.

Jane Addams

Opened Hull House in Chicago; known as 'The Mother of Social Work'.

Samuel Morse

Introduced the telegraph and Morse code.

Alexander Graham Bell

Developed the first working telephone.

Thomas Edison

Invented the light bulb, phonograph, and motion picture camera.

Louis Pasteur

Discovered principles of vaccination and pasteurization.

Nikola Tesla

Designed the modern alternating current (AC) electricity supply system.

Charlie Goodyear

Invented vulcanized rubber.

Chinese Exclusion Act

First significant law restricting immigration into the U.S. (1882).

Quota Act of 1921

Limited immigration to 3% of residents from each country based on the 1910 Census.

Sherman Antitrust Act

Prohibited monopolies and anti-competitive business practices.

Interstate Commerce Act

Regulated the railroads, making them the first federally regulated industry.

Booker T. Washington

Founder of Tuskegee Institute for Black higher education.

Ida Wells

Investigative journalist and anti-lynching activist.

W.E.B. DuBois

Helped form the NAACP; leader of the Niagara Movement.

Marcus Garvey

Advocated the 'Back to Africa' movement and founded the Black Star Line.

Gilded Age

Term coined by Mark Twain to describe the late 19th century, where wealth masked widespread social problems.

Red Scare

Period of fear of communism and radical ideas.

Progressive Movement

Era of political, social, and economic reform in the U.S.

16th Amendment

Allowed Congress to levy an income tax.

17th Amendment

Provided for the direct election of U.S. Senators by the people.

Teddy Roosevelt

Championed the 'Square Deal' and established national parks.

Woodrow Wilson

Led the U.S. into WWI; focused on tariff reform, banking reform, and trust-busting through the 'New Freedom' policy.

William Jennings Bryan

Populist presidential nominee known for his 'Cross of Gold' speech.

Samuel Gompers

Founded the American Federation of Labor (AFL).

Eugene Debs

Leader of the American Railway Union and Socialist Party.

Mother Jones

Labor organizer and advocate for miners’ rights.

Elizabeth Flynn

Labor leader and founding member of the ACLU.

NAACP

Founded in 1909 to promote justice for African Americans.

Anti-Defamation League

Established in 1913 to combat anti-Semitism and bigotry.

The Grange

A farmers’ movement aiming to improve agricultural practices and combat unfair railroad practices.