Unit 3 Chapter 2 Test

Robber Barons

• John D. Rockefeller: Owned Standard Oil; considered the wealthiest American of all time.

• Andrew Carnegie: Expanded the American steel industry; founded U.S. Steel.

• Henry Ford: Developed the assembly line and created the affordable automobile.

• Cornelius Vanderbilt: Built wealth in railroads and shipping; nicknamed “The Commodore.”

Labor Strikes

• Pullman Strike: Famous strike involving train car company workers, establishing precedence for government intervention in strikes.

• Lawrence Textile Strike: Also known as the “Bread and Roses Strike,” it was a major labor uprising led by immigrant workers.

• Ludlow Massacre: A deadly strike where eleven children and two women died in a fire set by the National Guard.

• NY Shirtwaist Strike: Known as the “Uprising of 20,000,” involving female garment workers.

Muckrakers

• Lincoln Steffens: Exposed corruption in city governments in The Shame of the Cities.

• Ida Tarbell: Wrote The History of the Standard Oil Company, exposing Rockefeller’s practices.

• Frank Norris: Wrote The Octopus, criticizing the railroad industry.

• Upton Sinclair: Wrote The Jungle, which exposed the horrors of the meatpacking industry.

• Jacob Riis: Authored How the Other Half Lives, documenting slum conditions in NYC.

• Jane Addams: Opened Hull House in Chicago; known as “The Mother of Social Work.”

Inventors

• Samuel Morse: Introduced the telegraph and Morse code.

• Alexander Graham Bell: Developed the first working telephone.

• Thomas Edison: Invented the light bulb, phonograph, and motion picture camera.

• Louis Pasteur: Discovered principles of vaccination and pasteurization.

• Nikola Tesla: Designed the modern alternating current (AC) electricity supply system.

• Charlie Goodyear: Invented vulcanized rubber.

Acts and Laws

• Chinese Exclusion Act: First significant law restricting immigration into the U.S. (1882).

• Quota Act of 1921: Limited immigration to 3% of residents from each country based on the 1910 Census.

• Sherman Antitrust Act: Prohibited monopolies and anti-competitive business practices.

• Interstate Commerce Act: Regulated the railroads, making them the first federally regulated industry.

Prominent Civil Rights Leaders

• Booker T. Washington: Founder of Tuskegee Institute for Black higher education.

• Ida Wells: Investigative journalist and anti-lynching activist.

• W.E.B. DuBois: Helped form the NAACP; leader of the Niagara Movement.

• Marcus Garvey: Advocated the “Back to Africa” movement and founded the Black Star Line.

Historical Periods

• Gilded Age: Term coined by Mark Twain to describe the late 19th century, where wealth masked widespread social problems.

• Red Scare: Period of fear of communism and radical ideas.

• Progressive Movement: Era of political, social, and economic reform in the U.S.

Amendments

• 16th Amendment: Allowed Congress to levy an income tax.

• 17th Amendment: Provided for the direct election of U.S. Senators by the people.

Presidents and Political Figures

• Teddy Roosevelt: Championed the “Square Deal” and established national parks.

• Woodrow Wilson: Led the U.S. into WWI; focused on tariff reform, banking reform, and trust-busting through the “New Freedom” policy.

• William Jennings Bryan: Populist presidential nominee known for his “Cross of Gold” speech.

Union Leaders

• Samuel Gompers: Founded the American Federation of Labor (AFL).

• Eugene Debs: Leader of the American Railway Union and Socialist Party.

• Mother Jones: Labor organizer and advocate for miners’ rights.

• Elizabeth Flynn: Labor leader and founding member of the ACLU.

Organizations and Movements

• NAACP: Founded in 1909 to promote justice for African Americans.

• Anti-Defamation League: Established in 1913 to combat anti-Semitism and bigotry.

• The Grange: A farmers’ movement aiming to improve agricultural practices and combat unfair railroad practices.