baseline year 11

explain the cause of waves

waves are caused by energy transfer from the wind to the sea, as wind blows over the surface to the sea it creates friction forming waves

identify the landforms commonly found on or close to headlands

caves, arches, stacks and stumps

explain the formation of coastal bars

a bar forms when a spit joins two headlands together, the bay between the headlands gets cut off from the sea, this means a lagoon can form behind the bar

offshore bar

can form if the coast has a gentle slope - friction with the sea bed causes waves to slow down and deposit sediment offshore, creating a bar that is not connected to the coast

characteristics of a destructive wave

short wavelength means high frequency, orbital becomes elliptical due to shore friction slowing the base of the wave, breaking wave gives much height

explain how hydraulic action causes coastal erosion

waves hitting the base of a cliff causing air to be compressed in cracks, joints and folds in bedding planes caused repeated changes in air pressure, as air rushes out of the cliff when the wave retreats it leads to an explosive effect as pressure is released, the material breaks off cliffs sometimes in huge chunks

discuss the negative impact of coastal management at Mapleton

the erosion rate has increased significantly further south as material carried south is not being replaced and instead trapped with the groynes, therefore there is no beach to protect the cliff, even during the neap tide, the sea attracts the base of the cliff

explain how material is transported by traction

traction involves large pebbles and boulders being rolled along the sea bed, high energy destructive waves are most likely to be transport material by traction

explain the mass movement process of slumping

slumping occurs on cliffs composed of soft materials, such as boulder clay, often left behind by glaciers, these cliffs are vulnerable to both marine and subaerial processes

social costs of a seawall

can affect access to the beach and coastal flooding can occur when waves overtop the sea wall

economic costs of a seawall

costly to construct and maintain and reflected waves scour the beach and can cause foundations to be undermined

environmental costs of a seawall

unattractive, destroy habitats, affect the coastal system and reduce the input of sediment

identify the two types of wave

constructive and destructive waves

what factors affect the size of waves?

wind speed as stronger winds create larger waves, the longer the wind blows the bigger the waves, sea depth as waves are higher in shallow water due to friction

processes of coastal erosion

wave pounding, corrasion, abrasion, attrition, hydraulic action

processes of coastal transportation

suspension, solution, traction, saltation

processes of mass movement

rotational slip/slumping, landslide, rockfall, mudflow

explain the formation of a stack

cracks in the headland are formed by abrasion and hydraulic action, these cracks grow into caves, continued erosion deepens the cave until it breaks through the headland, forming an arch, overtime the arch is weakened by weathering and erosion and eventually it collapses, leaving a stack, the stack may further erode to form a stump

social benefits of a seawall

protects homes and businesses from flooding and erosion, increasing public safety

economic benefits of a seawall

protects tourists and local economies and reduces insurance premium

environment benefits of a seawall

protects important natural habitats behind the wall and prevents loss of land and ecosystems due to erosion

how do the coastal defences to the south of Hornsea help protect the coastline

sea wall reflects wave energy back out of the sea protecting the base of the cliffs and town, rock armour as large boulders placed at the foot of cliffs dissipate waves energy and reduce erosion

hard engineering

involves manmade, structural solutions to protect the coastline from flooding, these are often for flooding and erosion

soft engineering

uses natural processes and materials to reduce erosion and flooding in a more sustainable and environmentally friendly way

explain the formation of a spit

longshore drift transports sediment along the coastline in the direction of the prevailing wind changing its direction, the sediment is deposited as energy of the wave decreases, over time this builds up a ridge of material projecting out onto the sea, the end of the spit may curve due to changes in wind direction or wave refraction forming a hooked end, in sheltered areas behind the spit, salt marshes or mud flats can form due to further deposition

explain the formation of a wave cut platform

the sea attacks a weakness in the base of the cliff, a wave-cut notch is formed through erosional processes, including hydraulic action and abrasion, as the notch becomes larger, the cliff becomes unstable and collapses due to gravity, the cliff retreats inland, the material from the collapsed cliff face is eroded and transported away, this leaves a wave-cut platform, the process repeats over time

changes in the UK’s employment structure

a decrease in the number of people working in manufacturing as mechanisation (introduction of robots etc.) replaced jobs along with increased competition from abroad, the service sector increased dramatically due to the introduction of public services, the growth of financial services and an increase in leisure time and disposable income, since the 1980s, the research and development sector has become increasingly important

impacts of deindustrialisation on north east England (1)

suffered huge job losses and a rise in unemployment as factories and industrial sites closed, many of those employed in heavy industries struggled to find new jobs with the skills they have

impacts of deindustrialisation on north east England (2)

de-industrialisation also led to a negative multiplier effect, many smaller businesses that supplied and supported heavy industries closed, a knock-on effect affecting thousands of people

give three characteristics of science parks

located near universities to access research and graduates, home to high tech industries, well planned with green spaces, modern buildings and good transport links

give an an example of how modern industrial development can be more environmentally sustainable

Jaguar Land Rover at Wolverhampton uses solar panels, recycles water and builds efficient engines reducing environment impact

impacts of globalisation on the UK

migrants fill jobs with a shortage of skilled workers in the UK such as in healthcare and construction, fewer goods are manufactured as they can be imported more cheaply from countries such as China, where wages are lower, the gap between the best-paid and lowest-paid jobs is increasing

give two examples of benefits of population growth in rural areas

leads to a higher demand for goods and services, this helps ensure the future of rural shops, schools and businesses and provides balance to rural-urban migration, particularly as young people move away in search for better opportunities

give two examples of benefits of population growth in rural areas (2)

provides balance to rural-urban migration, particularly as young people move away in search for better opportunities

de-industrialisation

decline of the UK’s traditional manufacturing industries, especially in the secondary sector and a shift towards the tertiary and quaternary

what did de-industrialisation in the UK involve

the decline of of traditional industries e.g coal, steel, textiles, closure of factories and jobless especially in the North and Midlands and a shift to a service based economy with growth in finance, retail, education and tech

how has the development of IT led to economic growth in the UK

created new jobs in software, cyber security and digital services, enabled global trade and remote working and supporting start-up and online businesses, boosting productivity and innovation

impacts of industry on physical environment

air pollution and water pollution from factories and waste, visual pollution and derelict industrial buildings, destruction of habitats from land clearance and resource extraction

identify four aspects of transport infrastructure being developed in the UK

HS2, port development, smart motorways, airport expansion

what is the north-south divide

refers to the social and economic inequalities between northern and southern england

north-south divide: north

lower wages and employment, worse health and education outcomes, slower economic growth

north-south divide: south

higher wages and employment, better health and education outcomes, more investment and infrastructure