VCE P.E Unit 1

Uniaxial only allows rotation

Pivot Joint

Flat bones glide past each other usually in biaxial manner

Gliding Joint

Rounded bond head articulates with a cup-shaped cavity

Ball and Socket Joint

Uniaxial Joint

Hinge Socket

Concave and Convex bone surfaces align, generally biaxial

Saddle Joint

Similar to hinge also allows rotation

Condyloid Joint

Three Types of Movement

Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth

Neuromusculoskeletal System

The nerves, bones and muscles within the body

Epimysium

If you were to take a muscle and cut through it, you would find the muscle is covered in a layer called...

Perimysium

Looking at the cross section of the muscle, you can see bundles of muscle fibres known as fascicles surrounded by a layer called the...

Endomysium

Looking at each muscle fibre in detail, you can see that they are surrounded by a thin layer called the...

Myofibrils

What are fibres made up of?

Sarcomeres

Myofibrils have many units known as...

Myofilaments

Myofibrils are further divided into...

Myosin

Thick filament in a muscle

Actin

Thin filament in a muscle

The sliding filament theory

How do muscle contractions occur?

Isotonic, Isometric, Isokinetic

3 Types of Muscle Contractions

Isotonic

Muscle length changes through a range of motion or action

Concentric

The muscle length shortens

Eccentric

The muscle length lengthens

Isometric

The muscle length remains unchanged while tension is developed

Isokinetic

The resistance changes according to the joint angle

Fusiform

Name the type of muscle fibre:

-long and thin

-run the length of the muscle in the same direction as the tendon

-produce low force

-contract rapidly

-there are few of these muscle fibres

Penniform

Name this type of muscle fibres:

-run at angles

-produce great force

-but at slower rate

-make up 75% of skeletal muscles

-allows considerably more fibres to be packed into a muscle therefore a greater number of fibres contributes to muscle action

Unipennate

Fibres on one side of tendon

Binpennate

Fibres on both sides of tendon

Multipennate

Fibres branch out from a number of tendons

Slow Twitch, Fast Twitch

Two different types of fibres

-Type 1 fibres

-Red in colour

-Best suited to aerobic, endurance work

-Contract slowly with less force

-Contract for longer periods of time

-Increased capacity to use oxygen

-Do not fatigue easily

Major characteristics of Slow Twitch Muscle Fibres (7)

-Type 2 fibres

-White in colour

-Best suited to short duration, high intensity (anaerobic) work

-Contract rapidly

-Contract with great force

-Contract for shorter time periods

-Large fibre diameter

-Fatigue easily

Major characteristics of Fast Twitch Muscle Fibres (8)

Fibre arrangement, muscle fibre recruitment, muscle fibre type, speed on contraction, gender differences, age differences

List some factors that affect muscle strength

Heart, Blood Vessels, Blood

What is the cardiovascular system made up of?

Behind the Sternum

Where is the heart situated?

-Circulate Blood

-Bring oxygen, water and nutrients to the cells

-Take carbon dioxide and other waste products away from the cells

-Maintain body temperature and hydration

-Fight infection and disease

-Blood clotting

Functions of the Heart

Cardiac Cycle

Involves the heart filling with blood and then pumping this to the rest of the body

Just under 1 second

Time taken for 1 heartbeat

-Atrial Diastole

-Ventricular Diastole

-Atrial Systole

-Ventricular Systole

Four stages of each heartbeat

Amount of blood pumped out of the heart per minute

Cardiac Output (definition)

Cardiac Output = Stroke Volume x Heart Rate

Cardiac Output (formula)

4800mL

Cardiac Output of Average Adult at rest

26000mL

Cardiac Output of Average Adult during maximal exercise

5-6L

Litres of Blood in Adult Males

4-5L

Litres of Blood in Adult Females

-Transportation of gases, fuels and minerals

-Protection against infection and dehydration

-Maintaining equilibrium

Functions of Blood

Blood cells (red blood cells, white blood cells) - 45%, Blood Plasma - 55%, Platelets

Blood consists of:

-Give blood its colour

-Contain haemoglobin, which carries oxygen to body tissues and muscles

Red Blood Cells

Fight infection by absorbing and digesting disease-causing organisms

White Blood Cells

Cells that help form blood clots to stop bleeding

Platelets

-90% water

-Carries nutrients

-Transports waster products

-Assists platelets in blood clotting

Plasma

Blood Pressure

The force exerted by the blood against the blood vessel walls

Systolic Blood Pressure

Experienced when the heart contracts and blood is pumped into the system

Diastolic Blood Pressure

Experienced when the heart relaxes and fills with blood

120mmHg/80mmHg

Typical blood pressure at rest

Delivers large volumes of air into the airways quickly and more efficiently than the nose

Function of Mouth in the respiratory system

Improves breathing as the cilia warm, filter and moisten the air, keeping the airways relaxed and open

Function of nose in the respiratory system

-Take oxygen from the air and deliver it to the blood

-Take carbon dioxide from the blood and remove it from the body

Function of the respiratory system

Sheet of muscle below the lungs

Diaphragm

pulls air into the lungs

When the diaphragm contracts..

pushes air out of the lungs

When the diaphragm relaxes...

Respiratory Rate

The number of breathes you take per minute

12 breaths/minute

Average Respiratory Rate at rest

30 breaths/minute

Average Respiratory Rate during exercise

supply to meet the demand

What is the rule regarding respiratory rate?