9/3/26 Lecture notes

Its on like functional groups and molecules and all that

Functional groups

The components of organic molecules that are most commonly involved in chemical reactions

Name the seven functional groups

1.) Hydroxyl

2.) Carbonyl

3.) Carboxyl

4.) Amino

5.) Sulfhydryl

6.) Phosphate

7.) Methyl

ATP

Adenosine triphosphate - an important organic phosphate

ATP consists of adenosine which is attached to _____

Three phosphate groups

ATP breaking off causes a reaction that ____

releases energy that can then be used by the cell

Four main classes of large biological molecules

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

Large and complex

macromolecules

a long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds

polymer

repeated small molecules lab units

monomers

Carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids fall into

polymers

Specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions in cells

Enzymes

When two monomers bond together through the loss of a water molecule

Dehydrated reaction

Polymers are disassembled to polymers by a process called

hydrolysis

Includes sugars and their polymers

Carbohydrates

Which functional group fall into carbohydrates

Carbonyl

The simplest carbohydrates

monosaccharides

consist of two monosaccharides joined by a covalent bond

Disaccharides

Polysaccharides

polymers of many sugar building blocks, “glycosidic linkage”

Have molecular formulas that are usually multiples of CH2O

Monosaccharides

This is the most common monosaccharide

Glucose (C6H12O6)

The suffix for most sugars

ose

Monosaccharides are classified by:

1.) The location of the carbonyl group

2.) the number of carbons in the skeleton

3.) Glucose and other six-carbon sugars are hexose

____ is formed when a dehydration reaction joins to monosaccharides

disaccharides

How is it formed: Maltose, sucrose, lactose

glucose + glucose

glucose + fructose

glucose + galactose

polymers of hundreds to thousands of monosaccharides

polysaccharides

a storage polysaccharide composed of glucose monomers

starch

plants store surplus glucose as ___

starch granules within chloroplasts

The simplest form of starch

anglose

A storage polysaccharide in animals

glycogen

a major component of the tough walls of plant cells

cellulose

How the linkages in cellulose differ from starch

1.) Starch is a polysaccharide of alpha glucose monomers

2.) Cellulose is a polysaccharide of beta glucose monomers, making every other glucose monomer upside down with respect to its neighbors

A structural polysaccharide found in the exoskeletons of arthropods

Chitin

The only class of large biological molecules that does not include true polymers

lipids

Lipids do not mix with _____

Water

The three most important lipids

1.) Fats

2.) Phospholipids

3.) Steroids

Constructed from two kinds of smaller molecules: glycerol and fatty acids

Fats

A three-carbon alcohol with a hydroxyl group attached to each carbon

Glycerol

A _____ consists of a carboxyl group attached to a long carbon skeleton

fatty acid

In a fat, three fatty acids are joined to glycerol by an ester linkage, creating an

ester linkage

Fatty acids vary in

1.) Length

2.) number and locations of double bonds

Have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible and no double bonds

Saturated fatty acids

Have one more double bond

unsaturated fatty acids

fats made from saturated fatty acids

saturated fats

A diet rich in saturated fats may contribute to

Cardiovascular disease

The process of converting unsaturated fats to saturated fats by adding hydrogen

Hydrogenation

Major function of fats

energy storage

Humans and other mammals store fats as long-term energy reserves in

adipose cells

a layer of fat can function as

insulation

Have two fatty acids and a phosphate group attached to glycerol

phospholipids

The fatty acid tails in phospholipids are

hydrophobic

The phosphate group and its attachments for a head which is

Hydrophilic

Phospholipids are the major component of all ____

cell membranes

Lipids with a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings

Steroids

a type of steroid, which is a component in animal cell membranes

Cholesterol

A high level of cholesterol in the blood may contribute to ___

Cardiovascular disease