Sociology finao ftudy

Absolute Poverty

The condition where a person lacks the basic necessities for survival, such as food, shelter, and clothing.

Capitalism

An economic system characterized by private ownership of the means of production and the pursuit of profit.

Cultural Capital

Non-financial social assets, such as education, intellect, style of speech, or dress, that can promote social mobility.

Economic Capital

Financial resources and assets that provide access to goods and services.

Economic Elite

A small group of individuals or families that hold significant wealth and power in a society.

Glass Ceiling

Invisible barriers that prevent certain groups, especially women and minorities, from advancing beyond a certain level in organizations.

Income

Money received, especially on a regular basis, for work or through investments.

Near Poor/Precariat

Individuals or families that are living just above the poverty line and are at high risk of falling into poverty.

Relative Poverty

A condition where a person lacks the minimum income necessary to maintain the average standard of living in the society they live in.

Social Capital

The networks of relationships and social connections that provide individuals and groups with access to resources and support.

Social Class

A division of a society based on social and economic status.

Social Mobility

The ability of individuals or groups to move up or down the social hierarchy.

Socioeconomic Status

A measure that combines income, education, and occupation to determine an individual's or group's social standing.

Stratification

The hierarchical arrangement of individuals or groups in society, often based on factors such as wealth, income, and social status.

Wage Gap

The difference in wages between different groups, often referring to disparities based on gender or race.

Wealth

The total value of assets owned by an individual or household, minus any debts.

Wealth Gap

The disparity in the distribution of assets and wealth between individuals or groups.

Achievement Gap

The disparity in academic performance between different groups of students, often defined by socioeconomic status, race, or ethnicity.

Cross-Institutional Advantage/Disadvantage

The cumulative effects of advantages or disadvantages experienced across multiple institutions, such as education, employment, and healthcare.

Cumulative Advantage/Disadvantage

The process by which systemic inequalities are perpetuated over time, leading to increasing disparities between groups.

Environmental Racism

The disproportionate impact of environmental hazards on marginalized communities.

Institutional Racism

Systemic policies and practices within institutions that disproportionately affect and disadvantage racial minorities.

Intergenerational Advantage/Disadvantage

The benefits or obstacles passed down from one generation to the next, often due to systemic inequalities.

Mass Deportation

The forced removal of large numbers of individuals, often based on immigration status.

Mass Incarceration

The large-scale imprisonment of individuals, disproportionately affecting marginalized groups.

Redlining

The discriminatory practice of denying services (typically financial) to residents of certain areas based on race or ethnicity.

Resource Desert

Areas, often in marginalized communities, that lack access to basic resources such as healthy food, healthcare, or quality education.

School-to-Prison Pipeline

The systemic issues that push students, particularly marginalized youth, out of schools and into the criminal justice system.

Androcentric Pay Scale

A wage system that prioritizes traditionally male-dominated roles, often undervaluing work typically done by women.

Breadwinner/Homemaker Marriage

A traditional family structure where one spouse (usually the man) works outside the home to earn income, while the other (usually the woman) manages the household.

Freedom/Power Paradox

The paradox where increased personal freedoms for women do not necessarily translate into greater power or equality in all areas of life.

Gender Segregation (Jobs)

The division of jobs based on gender, where certain occupations are predominantly male or female.

Heteronormative

A worldview that promotes heterosexuality as the normal or preferred sexual orientation.

Patriarch/Property Marriage

A form of marriage in which the husband is considered the authority figure and the wife is seen as his property.

Second Shift

The unpaid labor performed at home, such as childcare and housework, often by women after completing a day of paid work.

Sexism

Prejudice, stereotyping, or discrimination, typically against women, on the basis of sex.

Shared Division of Labor

A model of labor division in which partners in a relationship share household duties more equally.

Specialized Division of Labor

A model where household duties are divided based on specialized roles, often along traditional gender lines.

Stalled Revolution

The slowing down or stagnation of progress toward gender equality, particularly in the division of labor at home.

Collectivism

The practice or principle of prioritizing group needs over individual desires.

Cultural Hegemony

The dominance of a culturally diverse society by the ruling class, who manipulate the culture of that society to reflect their own interests.

Elite Theory of Power

The theory that a small group of elites holds the most power and control over societal decisions.

Ideology

A system of ideas and ideals, especially one that forms the basis of economic or political theory and policy.

Individualism

The habit or principle of being independent and self-reliant, emphasizing individual goals over collective ones.

Manufacturing Consent

The process by which elites use media and other tools to shape public opinion in their favor.

Pluralist Theory of Power

The idea that power in a society is distributed among many groups, preventing any one group from having total control.

Power Elite

A small group of influential individuals who hold a disproportionate amount of power, especially in politics and business.

Xenophobia

The fear or hatred of foreigners or strangers.

Collective Action

Action taken by a group of people to achieve a common objective.

Counterframe

A narrative that challenges the dominant or mainstream frame.

Countermovement

A social movement that opposes the goals or methods of an existing social movement.

Critical Event

A significant occurrence that serves as a catalyst for social change or mobilization.

Frame

A perspective or narrative that individuals use to interpret and communicate about events.

Interdependent Power

The power that arises from the mutual reliance of individuals or groups on one another.

Opportunity Structures

External factors that affect the chances of a movement's success, including economic, political, and cultural opportunities.

Organizational Strength

The capacity of an organization to achieve its goals, often through strong leadership, resources, and support.

Reform Social Movement

A movement that seeks to make gradual changes to existing systems rather than radical overhaul.

Repertoire of Contention

The tactics and actions used by social movements to achieve their goals.

Social Construction of Social Problems

The process by which society defines certain conditions as social problems.

Social Movements

Collective efforts by a large group of people to bring about or resist social change.

Standing

The status or legitimacy of a person or group in a social or political context.

Anthropocene

The current geological age, characterized by significant human impact on the Earth's geology and ecosystems.

Core

Countries that are economically developed and politically powerful in the world system.

Cultural Hybridization

The blending of elements from different cultures, resulting in new cultural forms.

Global Cities

Key cities that are primary nodes in the global economic network.

Global Imagined Community

A concept where people perceive themselves as part of a global community despite not knowing all its members personally.

Globalization

The process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence or operate on an international scale.

Nation-State System

The organization of the world into countries, each with its own independent government.

Periphery

Less economically developed countries that are often dependent on core countries.

Semi-periphery

Countries that are not as developed as core countries but are more developed than periphery countries, often acting as a bridge between the two.

Transnational Organization

An entity that operates across national borders, such as multinational corporations or international NGOs.

Transnational Social Movement

A social movement that crosses national boundaries to address global issues.

World System

The socio-economic system encompassing the globe, characterized by an international division of labor.

Ethnography

A qualitative research method used to study cultures and communities through close observation and participation.

Spatial Analysis

A research method that examines geographic or spatial data to understand patterns and relationships.