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What is the most important part of any consultation? [1]
What is the approach to a history? [10]
How do you move from open to specific questions? [2]
How do you quantify a cough? [1]
What are the options of cough duration? [7]
How do you quantify distress? [2]
How do you qualify a cough? [4]
What are the types of cough regarding sputum? [3]
What are the sounds of a cough? [4]
How is sputum qualified? [3]
When is the volume of sputum important? [1]
What are complications of pneumonia? [5]
What are the complications of asthma? [2]
What are the associated symptoms of pneumonia? [3]
What are the associated symptoms of bronchiectasis? [3]
What does the clinical examination consisit of? [5]
What is the importance of respiratory rate? [1]
How does respiratory rate differentiate between URTI and LRTI? [3]
What is the normal respiratory rate in a neonate? [1]
What is the normal respiratory rate in a child < 1 year? [1]
What is the normal respiratory rate in a child 1-5 years? [1]
What is the normal respiratory rate in a child 5-10 years? [1]
What is the normal respiratory rate in a child 10 - 16 years? [1]
Define type 1 respiratory failure? [1]
What are the conditions for starting O2 therapy? [2]
What is required for successful pulse oximetry? [2]
How should you assess the quality of a pulse oximetry reading? [2]
What does breathing entail physiologically? [3]
What are the muscles that contract during respiration? [4]
What are the accessory muscles of respiration? [5]
What is the primary respiratory muscle? [1]
What type of movement does the intercostal muscles cause during respiration? [1]
What is the function of scalenes muscles during respiration? [1]
What is the function of sternocleidomastoid muscles during respiration? [1]
What is the function of pectoralis major and minor muscles during respiration? [1]
What is the function of serratus anterior muscles during respiration? [1]
What is the function of latissimus dorsi muscles during respiration? [1]
What is the function of abdominal muscles during respiration? [1]
Describe the physiology of abdominal breathing [4]
Define paradoxical breathing [3]
Describe physiology of paradoxical breathing [4]
What pressure is required for inspiration to occur? [1]
What does indrawings indicate? [1]
Describe how indrawings occur? [5]
What is the order of indrawings? [5]
Describe the severity of sternal indrawings and paradoxical breathing [1]
When does sternal indrawings and paradoxical breathing commonly occur? [1]
Define respiratory distress [1]
What are compensatory mechanisms that tries to prevent respiratory failure indicating distress? [6]
What does the Hoover sign indicate? [2]
Describe the pathophysiology of hyperinflation [4]
Where does the diaphragm insert? [3]
Differentiate between Hoover sign and subcostal indrawings [4]
What is Harrison’s sulcus? [1]
What cuases Harrison’s sulcus? [1]
What does Harrison’s sulcus indicate? [1]
What does inspection of chest expansion entail? [1]
How should you look at chest expansion? [1]
How should you palpate chest expansion? [3]
What does palpation of the respiratory system entail? [4]
How do you palpate the position of the trachea? [2]
How do you palpate the position of the apex beat? [1]
Which respiratory conditions can cause a displaced apex beat? [3]
What are signs of pulmonary hypertension? [2]
What can you hear on percussion? [3]
What can cause tympanic percussion? [1]
What can cause dullness on percussion? [3]
What can cuase resonant percussion? [2]
How can you percuss hyperinflation? [2]
Where do you mention the borders of the liver during examination? [2]
How should you auscultate the lungs? [3]
What are the sound families of auscultation of the lungs? [2]
What does musical sounds indicate? [1]
What does crackly sounds indicate? [1]
What produces musical sounds? [3]
Describe how the pitch of musical sounds differs? [4]
What determines the timing of musical sounds? [1]
Describe how the pathophysiology of timing of musical sounds [9]
When are extrathoracic airways physiologically narrower? [1]
When are intrathoracic airways physiologically narrower? [1]
Define a wheeze according to pathophysiology [9]
What sign is associated with wheezing? [1]
What is the consequence of the association between wheezing and hyperinflation? [4]
What are causes of intrathoracic narrowing? [5]
Define stridor according to pathophysiology [9]
What is the relationship between stridor and hyperinflation? [1]
What is the differential diagnosis of stridor? [4]
What type of sound is stertor? [1]
Define stertor according to pathophysiology [6]
What is the differential diagnosis of stertor? [3]
What causes crackly sounds? [1]
What are the types of crackly sounds? [2]
Where do coarse crackles commonly occur? [2]
What causes coarse crackles? [4]
Describe the relationship between coarse crackles and wheeze? [3]
How should you differentiate between coarse crackles and wheeze? [3]
Describe how fine crackles occur [2]
Where does fine crackles occur? [2]
Describe the sound of crackles [4]
What is the differential diagnosis of fine crackles? [3]
