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Intensive property
property that doesn’t change despite the amount of substance, ex: temperature, density
Extensive property
property that changes due to the amount of substance
Law of Conservation of Mass
states that the mass in a closed system cannot be created nor destroyed but transformed
Law of Conservation of Energy
states that the energy cannot be created nor destroyed but transformed
Law of Definite Proportions
a chemical compound will contain the same elements in the same proportions to its original mass
Degenerate orbital
an orbital that has the same energy level as another orbital, typically found in multi-electron atoms
Pauli Exclusion Principle
no 2 electrons can have the same 4 quantum numbers (this is prevented by using 1/2, -1/2 spin)
Aufbau’s principle
electrons fill lower energy levels first
Hund’s rule
electrons fill degenerate orbitals first (ex: one out of 3 electrons per 2p square)
Diamagnetic
no unpaired electrons
Paramagnetic
unpaired electrons present
Atomic size/radius
increases going down a column/group, decreases going down a row/period
Ionization Energy
energy required to remove an electron, increases as you move down a row/period, decreases as you move down a column/group, He has the highest IE
Coulomb’s Law
distance is inversely proportional to the charge, two charges’ magnitudes are directly proportional to their product’s charge’s magnitude
ionic bond
chemical bond, forms between a metal and a nonmetal, high electronegativity difference, forms if there is a net reduction in potential energy between two charged particles, according to Coulomb's law
covalent bond
chemical bond, electronegativity difference <2, formed between two nonmetals, electrons shared
radical
molecule that contains at least one unpaired electron
Where are sigma bonds found?
Where are pi bonds found?
Bond length
increases down a group, decreases across a period
Resonance
Polarity
gas evolving reaction
typically results in O2 or CO2in the form of a gas
precipitate
solid produced as a result of a precipitation reaction