bio terms for exam 1

cyanobacteria

• phyla of bacteria

• gram negative

• photosynthetic - chloroplasts come from these

cocci

spherical shape bacteria comes in

bacilli

rod shape bacteria comes in

vibrio

comma shape bacteria comes in

sprilli

spiral shape bacteria comes in

forms of horizontal gene transfer

• transformation

• transduction

• conjugation

transformation

• form of HGT

• dna received from environment

transduction

• form of HGT

• dna injected into cell from virus

conjugation

• a form of HGT

• dna transferred from one cell to another via a conjugation tube (pilli)

gram positive bacteria

• has more peptoglycan

• stains purple

gram negative bacteria

• has less peptoglycan

• stains pink

characteristics of life

• made of cells

• metabolism

• responsive

• homeostasis

• growth

• reproduction

• adaptation

homologous structures

• similar structures found in different species

• proof of a common ancestor

microevolution

populations change over shorter periods

speciation

lineages split into 2+ species

allopatric speciation

1 population gets split physically and become genetically isolated

adaptive radiation

a single species evolves into a wide array of species to fill different ecological niches

ex: darwins finches on the galapagos islands

sympatric speciation

one species evolves from another but they both survive and live in the same area

polyploidy

chromosomal differences

autopolyploidy

offspring has 1 parents dna but doubled

allopolyploidy

interspecies mating

cells can’t figure out how to split the chromosomes

isolating mechanisms

things preventing interbreeding

vestigal structures

anatomical structures that have no apparent function but resemble structures of ancestors

directional selection

• favors one extreme over the other

• reduces genetic variation

disruptive selection

• favors both extremes

• increases genetic variation

stabilizing selection

• intermediate favored

• decreases genetic variation

balancing selection

• all alleles remain

• maintains genetic variation

negative frequency dependent selection

having the trait that is less frequent in the population is optimal

positive frequency dependent selection

having the trait that is more frequent in the population is optimal

batesian mimicry

harmless species evolve to look like harmful ones

müllerian mimicry

multiple species evolve to look like eachother

heterozygote advantage

• both alleles have benefits and downsides

• heterozygotes have the best of both worlds

factors that influence genetic variation

• mutation

• drift

• migration

• natural selection

• sexual selection

taxonomy

science of describing, naming, and classifying living and extinct organisms

taxonomy

hierarchical system involving successive levels

3 domains of life

archaea, bacteria, eukarya