AVBS1003 Module 1 & 2 Test

domestication

mechanistic basis of reduces aggression linked to evolution of reduced adrenal gland size

domestication syndrome

inherited physiological and behavioural characteristics. Change in ears, coat, skull, brain size, hormone level, mating cycle

importance and value of animals

indirect values, direct values, cultural values, existence values

Domesticated --> companion

pets, service animals, animal assisted therapy

Cyclozoonoses

requires more than one vertebrate host, but no invertebrate host

metazoonoses

vertebrate and invertebrate host

saprozoonoses

vertebrate host and non animal phase such as water, soil

Amphixenosis

resevior hosts are non human animals and/or human --> affects both animals and humans

Anthropozoonosis

reservior hosts are non human animals --> affects humans

zooanthroponosis

A disease that is transmitted from people to animals

one health

collaborative approach that aims to improve the health of people, animals and the environment --> local, regional, national, global

evolution of zoos

menagerie --> realistic settings --> full theming --> visitor immersion ---> conservation centre

conservation and research at zoos

ecology, wildlife health, nutrition, behaviour and welfare, population conservation

education and tourism

awareness --> interest --> trial --> adoption --> advocacy

stress hormones

cortisol and epinephrine

structured animal assisted therapy

intervention with specific gaols and objects delivered by health professionals with specialised expertise

unstructured animal assisted therapy

more general, without specific goals often delivered by volunteer animal handler

hotspot areas

places with significant biodiversity that is threatened by human activity, includes presence of a high number of endemic species

indigenous knowledge

and land practices often more sustainable than modern practices and better for animals

pygmy forest techniques

crop rotation, bush tallowing, hunting, fishing --> sustainable and low impact on animals and the environment

animal culture

passing on information to one another, spread across groups, becomes a characteristic of that group --> instances of lost animal culture

animals in work ABVIC

1. availability, 2. behaviour/skills of the animal, 3. value of those skills to humans, 4. intelligence/trainability, 5. cost/benefit

ethograms

a catalogue, list of behaviours in an animal

associative learning

two unrelated elements/stimuli become connected in our brains --> classical and operant conditioning

non associative learning

simplest form of learning that does not require stimuli --> habituation, sensitisation

habituation

decrease in response

sensitisation

increase in response after repeated presentation of the stimulus

classical conditioning

involuntary response, conditioning by reinforcement

operant conditioning

voluntary motor behaviour is strengthened or weakened depending on its favourable or unfavourable characteristics

positive reinforcement

desired behaviour causes a good thing to happen

negative reinforcement

undesired behaviour causes bad thing to happen

positive punishment

desired behaviour causes bad thing to stop

negative punishment

undesired behaviour causes a good thing to stop

animals as a resource

food, fibre for clothes, medicine, jewellery, tools

Benefits of Entomophagy

1900 potentially edible insects, high protein, low fat, low calories, high prebiotics, high iron and calcium, small size and short life cycles

animals in entertainment

circuses, zoos & aquariums, television & film

what is an animal

multicellular, heterotroph, eukaryotic, aerobic respiration, reproduce sexually, develop from embryonic layers by gastrulation

racing: animals compete against each other with or without humans

camel racing, greyhound, horse, pigeon, donkey

agility/skill: animals competing against a timer

show jumping, dog agility courses

controversial: animals fighting

dog fighting, horse fighting, bull fighting

economic value of animals in sport

Greyhound racing generated direct impact of $300M in victoria 2015-2016

positives for animals in sports

good welfare (depending on sport), physical exercise, stimulation, high social status, good nutrition, high level of veterinary care

negatives for animals in sports

lack of welfare (depending on sport), physical demand/injury, high cost of care - euthanasia

protection of animals in sport - NSW prevention of cruelty to animals act

animal baiting and fighting, live baiting, animals trap shooting, tail hicking —> politically based rather than welfare based

societal change - animals in sport

tilikum captive orca at sea world responsible for 3 human deaths. societal outrage leading to: drop in sea world visitors, profits, and ties with other companies, new legislation about capturing of orcas, phasing out of orca shows

the zoo iceberg

education, conservation, tourism, research

culture

religion/spirituality, cultural values, historical context, education, wealth