Biological Molecules, Mass Transport, and Cardiovascular Diseases Flashcards

A set of fill-in-the-blank practice flashcards covering water, carbohydrates, lipids, circulatory systems, haemoglobin gas transport, and cardiovascular diseases based on the lecture notes.

Water has an uneven distribution of charge within the molecule, causing it to have a permanent __________.

dipole

Monosaccharides can join together to form disaccharides and polysaccharides by __________ bonds formed in condensation reactions.

glycosidic

Maltose is a disaccharide formed by the condensation of two __________ molecules.

glucose

Sucrose is a disaccharide formed by the condensation of glucose and __________.

fructose

Lactose is a disaccharide formed by the condensation of glucose and __________.

galactose

Glycogen is the main energy storage molecule in animals and is formed from many glucose molecules joined by 1,4 and __________ glycosidic bonds.

1,6

Starch is the primary energy store in plants and is a mixture of two polysaccharides called amylose and __________.

amylopectin

Amylose is an unbranched chain of glucose molecules joined by __________ glycosidic bonds.

1,4

Glycosidic bonds are broken through a __________ reaction where a water molecule is added.

hydrolysis

Unsaturated lipids contain __________ double bonds and melt at lower temperatures than saturated fats.

carbon-carbon

Triglycerides are made of one molecule of glycerol and three fatty acids joined by __________ bonds.

ester

Single-celled organisms can rely on simple diffusion because they have a very large __________ ratio.

surface area to volume

Arteries take oxygenated blood away from the heart, have thick walls containing muscle and elastic tissue, and contain no __________.

valves

Veins carry blood back to the heart at low pressure and have __________ to prevent backflow.

valves

Between the ventricles and the atria are the __________ valves, which prevent blood flowing back into the atria.

atrioventricular

Deoxygenated blood first enters the right atrium of the heart through the largest vein in the body, the __________.

vena cava

During __________ of the cardiac cycle, the atria contract and force blood into the ventricles.

atrial systole

During __________ of the cardiac cycle, the ventricles contract, causing the atrio-ventricular valves to close and semi-lunar valves to open.

ventricular systole

Haemoglobin consists of two beta polypeptide chains, two alpha polypeptide chains, and 4 __________ groups.

haem

Each haem group in haemoglobin contains a(n) __________ ion to which 1 oxygen molecule can bind.

$$\text{Fe}^{2+}$$

In the presence of carbon dioxide, the affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen decreases, a phenomenon known as the __________.

Bohr effect

Atherosclerosis is the hardening of arteries caused by the build-up of fibrous plaque called an __________.

atheroma

During blood clotting, platelets and damaged tissues release clotting factors such as thromboplastin, which causes __________ to change to thrombin.

prothrombin

Thrombin catalyses the conversion of soluble fibrinogen to insoluble __________.

fibrin

High-density lipoproteins (HDLs) transport cholesterol to the __________ to be expelled.

liver

Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) are formed from __________ fats and proteins and transport cholesterol to the arteries.

saturated

Statins are a class of drugs used to lower __________ levels and reduce plaque build-up on artery walls.

cholesterol

Body Mass Index (BMI) is calculated as Body mass in Kilograms divided by __________.

$$(\text{body height in metres})^2$$

A male is classified as obese if their waist to hip ratio (WHR) is greater than __________.

$$0.9$$

A female is classified as obese if their waist to hip ratio (WHR) is greater than __________.

$$0.85$$