2.3-2.7 memory- psych

fuck eckhart that ungrateful bitch

Memory

the cognitive process of encoding, storing, and retirieving info allowing us to retain and recall past experiences, knowledge and skills

encoding, storage, retrieval

3 main processes of memory

Explicit memory

A type of memory that involves the conscious recall of facts, events, and experiences that can be purposefully retrieved and stated

Episodic memory and semantic memory

types of explicit memory

Episodic memory

A type of explicit memory involving recall of personal experiences and specific events including time and place memory occurred

Semantic memory

A type of explicit memory that involves the recall of knowledge, facts, and concepts that are not tied to specific personal experiences (just the facts)

Implicit memory

A type of long-term memory that involves unconscious automatic recall of skills, habits, and learned associations without conscious effort

Explicit, Implicit, Prospective

3 main Types of memory

Procedural memory

A type of implicit memory that involves the recall of how to perform tasks and actions

Prospective memory

The ability to remember to carry out future intentions or planned actions

Long-term potentiation

The process where repeated activation of synapses strengthens the connection between neurons, resulting in enhanced memory and learning (getting good at something as a result of practice)

The working memory model

A theory describing how info is temporarily stored and manipulated in the mind using different working memory

For tasks like reasoning, learning, and comphrension

Why is the working memory model needed in everyday life?

Central executive, phonological loop, visiospatial sketchpad

Working memory subsystems/components

Alan Baddeley

Who created the working memory model?

Central executive (component of working memory)

Responsible for directing attention, coordination, activities; manages flow of info between the different subsystems

“little boss in your head“

Central executive component of working memory nickname

Central executive example

eating + watching tv, prioritize atttention on eating so you don’t choke

phonological loop

processes and temporarily holds verbal and authority information such as spoken word or sounds; (component of working memory)

Visuospatial sketchpad

Processes and temportarily holds visual and spatial info such as images shapes, and object arrangement in spaces

The Multi-Store Model of Memory

Describes memory of 3 separate stores: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory; memories pass through sequentially

refer to notes

How the Multi-Store Model of Memory looks/works

sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory

Components of multi-store model of memory

Information registered in sensory memory

sensory information from the envoirnment with an emphasis on sight + sound

Capacity in sensory memory

Can take virtually all sensory data from environment at once, giving it a large capacity

Duration in sensory memory

A brief period, typically ranging from less than a second for visual info to a few seconds for auditory info

Iconic memory and echoic memory

Types of snesory memory

Iconic memory

The sensory memory for visual info, holding a detailed snapshot of visual field about 0.2-0.5 secs

Echoic memory

The sensory memory auditory information, storing sounds for 3 to 4 secs to allow brain to process and interfere the info

Echoic memory example

hearing a loud high pitched noise, taking a second to recongnize its an ambulance siren

Information registered in short-term memory

stores small amounts of info like words, numbers, or visual details for immediate use

Capacity in short-term memory

Typically 5-9 items at a time (often reffered to as 7+-2) unless info is chunked

Miller’s Number

What is the 7+-2 number called?

Duration in short-term memory

Retains info for about 15-20 secs before it is forgotten or encoded into long term memory

Information registered in long-term memory

Stores info encoded from short-term memory including facts, experiences, skills, and knowledge

Capacity in long-term memory

Has essentially unlimited capacity, allowing for vast amounts of info to be stored over time

Duration in long-term memory

Can retain info for long periods; ranging from 1 hour to lifetime

Encoding, Storage, Retrieval

The process of memory

Encoding

Process of converting sensory input into a form that can be stored and processed in memory

Storage

Process of maintaining encoded info over time for future use

Retrieval

Process of accessing and bring stored info from memory into conscious awareness

Automatic processing

The unconscious encoding of info such as space, time, frequency that happens effortlessly/unintentionally

Effortful processing

The conscious and intentional coding that requires focused attentions and deliberate effort

Example of effortful processing

studying for a test, learning archery

Levels of Processing Model

model that suggests memory retention depends on the depth of processing with deeper + meaningful processing leading to better long-term retention of info

Shallow processing and deep processing

Types of processing in Levels of processing model

Shallow processing

Involves focusing on surface-level features of info leading to weaker memory + retention

Deep processing

Involves analyzing info for meaning and connections resulting in strong memory retention and better recall

structural, phonemic, semantic

Types of encoding in levels of processing model

Structural encoding

A form of shallow processing that involves encoding info based on its physical appearance

Phonemic Encoding

A form of shallow processing that involves encoding info based on its sound such as how a word is pronounced

Semantic Encoding

form of deep processing that involves encoding based on its meaning, making it easier to remember (making facts stick)

Mnemonic Devices

A memory aid that uses association, patterns, or visual imagery to help encode and retrieve info more easily

Method of Loci

A technical mnemonic device that uses visualization and spatial memory to help people recall info

How does the Method of Loci work?

Imagine familiar places and mentally walking through the space and looking for items to recall info

Why does the Method of Loci work?

Humans are good at remembering places/appearances

How can method of loci be altered?

From changes to environments (ex. building gets torn down, new buisnesses)

Chunking

A memory technique involving grouping separate pieces of info into larger, more meaningful units

Categories

Organize info into related groups based on shared characteristics for easier memorization

Hierarchies

Structuring info in levels of importance or specificity helping to organize complex info for better recall

The Spacing Effect

A cognitive phenomenon where learning and memory retention are enhanced when study sessions are spread out over time rather than crammed into one session

massed practice and distributed practice

Contrasting components of spacing effect

Massed practice

A learning technique where material is studied intensively in a short period of time without breaks, leading to quick forgetting

Distributed practice

A learning technique that involves spreading study sessions out over time with breaks, promoting better retention + long term memory

The Serial Position Effect

The tendency of listed items to be remembered according to their position on the list, first or last typically better recalled than middle

Primacy Effect

The tendency to better recall items at beginning of list

Recency effect

The tendency to better recall items at end of a list from it being fresh

Types of rehearsal

Maintence and elaborative

Maintenance rehearsal

The process of repeatedly repeating info to keep it active in short-term memory without adding deeper understanding/meaing

Elaborative rehearsal

The process of linking new info to existing knowledge by creating associations + added meaning to help encode into long-term memory

Autobiographical memory

The recall of personal life experiences and events, combining EPISODIC and SEMANTIC memories to form a cohesive narrative of one’s own past

Highly Superior Autobiograpical memory

A rare condition characterized by an indivudal’’s extraordinary ability to recall minute details of personal life events with accuracy and vividness

Not clear, but research suggests combination of biological, genetic and psychological factors

How do people have High Superior Autobiographical memory?

Amnesia

A condition characterized by the loss of memories caused by brain injury, disease, or psychological trauma

Retrograde Amnesia

Cannot recall memories from past

Anterograde amnesia

Cannot make new memories after point of brain injury

Infantile Amnesia

Inability to retrieve memories before 2.5 years old due to hippocampus not being fully formed

Alzheimer’s disease

a type of dementia or progressive neurological disorder that leads to the gradual decline of memory, cognitive function, and dailey living activies due to deterioration of brain cells

Causes of Alzheimer’s

Combo of genetic factors, abnormal buildup of proteins in brain, age, environmental influences

Recall and Recongition

How to retrieve memories (two main terms)

Recall

The process of retrieving memories without aid of cues bringing stored knowledge back to conscious awareness

Recongition

Identifying previously encountered info or stimuli when presented with familar cues

Retrieval Cue

A stimulus that helps a person recall a memory

Misinformation Effect

occurs when a person’s memory of an event it altered by misleading info presented after the event leading to inaccurate, false recollection

Source Amnesia

Inability to remember where or how previously learned info was acquired while still retaining info

Constructive Memory

Reconstructing past events using existing knowledge and expectations, which can lead to distorted/inaccurate memories

Memory Consolidation and Imagination Inflation

Parts of Constructive memory

Memory Consolidation

short term memories are gradually stabilized and transferred into long-term for lasting storage

Imagine Inflation

Imagining an event increases the confidence that the event actually happens, more likely to form false memory

Dr. Elizabeth Leftus

A prominent American cognitive psychologist renowned for research on human memory, particularly false memories; significantly shaped our understanding of how memories can be influenced by suggestion

Context-Dependent Memory

The tendency to recall info made easily when in the same physical environment of context in which the info was originally learned

Encoding Specificity Principles

Principles that state the recall of info is most effective when the conditions present at the time of encoding (learning) are similar to those at the time of retrieval

Mood-Congruent Memory

Tendency to recall info that matches the emotional state a person is currently in, such as recalling sad events when feeling sad

State-Dependent Memory

Tendency to recall info better when in the same mental state as when the info was encoded

Context-Dependent memory, Mood-Congruent memory, State-dependent memory

Types of encoding specificity principles

Retrieval practice process

Actively recalling info from memory, a technique shown to enhance and strengthen long-term memory retention more effectively than passive review

Testing effect, Metacognition

Types of retrieval practice processes

Testing effect

Actively recalling info through self-testing or quizzes enhances long-term retention

Metacognition

Awareness and understanding of one’s own thought processes, including the ability to monitor, plan, and assess one's understanding and performance.

The Forgetting Curve

A hypothesis describing the exponential decline of memory retention of time, showing how info is lost rapidly if no effort is made to retain it