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Inorganic Ions
Key elements such as Mg2+, Fe2+, Ca2+, PO4 3– are components in cell metabolism.
Water's Role in Biology
Water acts as a solvent, metabolite, and provides support and buoyancy for organisms.
Carbohydrates
Biological molecules, including monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides with distinct structures, properties and functions.
Lipids
Fats and oils, including triglycerides and phospholipids, with roles in energy storage and cell membrane structure.
Proteins
Polymers of amino acids, with variable structures and critical roles in biological function.
Enzymes
Biological catalysts responsible for speeding up biochemical reactions.
Photosynthesis
Process used by plants to convert light energy into chemical energy, producing glucose and oxygen.
Nucleic Acids
Molecules that store genetic information, consisting of nucleotides which include DNA and RNA.
Gene Expression
The process by which a gene's information is used to synthesize functional products like proteins.
Ecology
The study of relationships between living organisms and their environment.
Biosphere Management
Sensible management of ecosystems to enhance biodiversity.
Natural Selection
The process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring.
Anthropogenic Effects
Human activities that impact the environment and biodiversity.
Carbon Cycle
The cycle through which carbon is exchanged between the atmosphere, land, water, and organisms.
Ecosystem Dynamics
The study of how ecosystems change over time and how those changes affect organisms.
Chloroplasts
Cell organelles responsible for photosynthesis, containing chlorophyll.
Amino Acids
The building blocks of proteins, essential for various biological functions.
Metabolic Pathways
Series of chemical reactions occurring within a cell, controlled by enzymes.
Gene Technologies
Techniques used to manipulate genes for applications in medicine, agriculture, and science.
Immunology
A branch of biology that deals with the immune system and its responses to pathogens.
Antibiotic Resistance
The ability of bacteria to resist the effects of an antibiotic to which they were once sensitive.
Homeostasis
The process by which biological systems maintain stability while adjusting to conditions optimal for survival.
Nervous System
The system of nerve cells and fibers that transmits nerve impulses between parts of the body.
Genetic Variation
Differences in DNA sequences among individuals, important for evolution.
Mutations
Changes in the DNA sequence, which can lead to variations in traits.
Natural Barriers to Infection
Physiological mechanisms like skin and mucus that protect against pathogens.
Ecosystem Services
The benefits that humans derive from ecological processes.
Biodiversity Loss
The decline in the number and variety of species in a particular habitat.
