Main Points 2

(a) neural signals from the gut to the brain; (b) nutrient signals related to total energy storage; (c) plasma concentrations of hormones (d) body temperature, psychological factors, and others.

Factors thought to be involved in regulating food intake include ___?

metabolic rate

Energy used by the body per hour is the ___?

drive only the resting body processes.

BMR indicates energy needed to ___?

body surface area, age and gender, body temperature, stress, and thyroxine

Factors influencing metabolic rate include ___?

heat production , heat loss , 37

Body temperature reflects the balance between ______ and _______ and is normally __°C.

liver, heart, brain, kidneys, and endocrine organs.

At rest, most body heat is produced by the ______?

body heat production

Activation of skeletal muscles causes dramatic increases in ___?

highest temperature , coolest

The body core generally has the _______. The shell (the skin) is the heat-exchange surface, and is usually ___?

Blood

_____ serves as the major heat-exchange agent between the core and the shell.

loses heat.

When skin capillaries are flushed with blood and the skin is warmer than the environment, the body ___?

shell is inhibited

When blood is withdrawn to deep organs, heat loss from the _____?

radiation, conduction, convection, and evaporation.

Heat-exchange mechanisms include ___?

absorption of heat.

Evaporation, the conversion of water to water vapor, requires the ____?

0.6

For each gram of water vaporized, about ___ kcal of heat is absorbed.

hypothalamus

The ____ acts as the body's thermostat.

peripheral , central thermoreceptors

Hypothalamus receive inputs from ____ and _____, leading to heat loss or heat promotion.

constriction of skin vasculature, and shivering.

Heat-promoting mechanisms include ____?

dilate

When heat must be removed from the body, dermal blood vessels ____?

radiation, conduction, and convection.

When dermal blood vessels dilate, allowing heat loss through ___?

sweating is initiated.

When greater heat loss is mandated ____?

heat loss

Evaporation of sweat is an efficient means of ___?

rises , ineffective (stroke)

When the body cannot rid itself of surplus heat, body temperature ____ to the point where all thermoregulatory mechanisms become _______?

heat exhaustion, a drop in blood pressure, and collapse.

Physical activity in hot temperatures can lead to ____?

prostaglandins and initiation of heat-promotion mechanisms,

Fever is controlled hyperthermia, which follows thermostat resetting to higher levels by ________?

Good nutrition

________ is essential for normal fetal development and normal growth during childhood.

PKU, glycogen storage disease, galactosemia, and many others.

Inborn errors of metabolism include ____?

insulin , thyroid hormone

Hormonal disorders, such as lack of ____ or ______, may also lead to metabolic abnormalities.

metabolic disorders

Diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome are examples of ___?

enzyme , endocrine systems

In old age, metabolic rate declines as ____ and ______ become less efficient and skeletal muscles atrophy.

pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, transport of respiratory gases in the blood, and internal respiration.

Respiration involves four processes: ____?

respiration.

Both the respiratory system and the cardiovascular system are involved in ___?

warms, moistens, and cleanses

The nose provides an airway for respiration; _____, _______, and ______ incoming air; and houses the olfactory receptors.

external nose.

Bone and cartilage plates shape the ____?

nasal cavities.

Paranasal sinuses and nasolacrimal ducts drain into the ___?