nationalism - ideologies - A-level politics

nation

a subjective entity in which people are bound together by a common language, religion, historical narrative and cultural traditions. It is grounded in a palpable yet intangible sense of national identity. To belong to a nation is a sentiment we feel more than we can ever properly articulate.

state

a compulsory political organisation with a centralised government that maintains a monopoly of the legitimate use of force within a certain territory as well as an organised political community under one government; a commonwealth; a nation.

nation-state

a system of organisation defined by geography, politics, and culture. must have a shared national identity, physical borders, and a single government.

Nationalism

identification with one's own nation and support for its interests, especially to the exclusion or detriment of the interests of other nations.

nativism

the policy of protecting the interests of native-born or established inhabitants against those of immigrants.

protectionism

the theory or practice of shielding a country's domestic industries from foreign competition by taxing imports.

liberal nationalism (also known as civic nationalism)

a form of 19th century nationalism that focused on political ideologies and called for wider participation and the rule of law in both domestic and international politics (liberal)

conservative nationalism

ideology supporting preservation of traditional social & political classes. with Leaders who seek to preserve their power and the socioeconomic order use pride in nation and fear of an enemy nation as a means to unify the masses and prevent domestic unrest

liberal internationalism

A perspective that seeks to transform international relations to emphasize peace, individual freedom, and prosperity, and to replicate domestic models of liberal democracy at the international level.

civic nationalism (also known as liberal nationalism)

a form of 19th century nationalism that focused on political ideologies and called for wider participation and the rule of law in both domestic and international politics (civic)

imperialism

A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries poetically, socially, and economically.

colonialism

Attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory.

fascism

A political system headed by a dictator that calls for extreme nationalism and racism and no tolerance of opposition with a governmental system led by a dictator having complete power, forcibly suppressing opposition and criticism, regimenting all industry, commerce, etc., and emphasising an aggressive nationalism and often racism.

anti-colonial nationalism

a form of nationalism that is opposed to colonial rule of one country by another, opposing or resisting colonialism anti-colonial movements.

Post-colonial nationalism

occurs in those nations that have been colonised and exploited. The nationalism of these nations were forged in a furnace that required resistance to colonial domination in order to survive. As such, resistance is part and parcel of such nationalism and their very existence is a form of resistance to imperialist intrusions.

Post-colonialism

the cultural legacy of colonialism and imperialism, focusing on the human consequences of the control and exploitation of colonized people and their lands.

anti-colonialism

the movement following World War II in which colonies began to revolt against their captors.

Radical Nationalism

An extreme form of nationalism which can include racism and other forms of discrimination and prejudice against those not part of the nation, which is usually narrowly defined; this belief often justifies violence to achieve certain goals.

chauvinism

an exaggerated form of patriotism and national pride that sees one nation as superior to all others

pan-nationalism

a style of nationalism dedicated to unifying a disparate people through either expansionism or political solidarity

militarism

the belief or desire of a government or people that a country should maintain a strong military capability and be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or promote national interests, with a policy of glorifying military power and keeping a standing army always prepared for war

radical conquest

when racist nationalists come to believe that their own race is superior to others it can lead to a further belief that the race is entitled to territory currently occupied by other racial groups

Black Nationalism

a belief in the separate identity and racial unity of the African American community

examples of black nationalism

- Malcolm X- black nationalism combined with Islamic principles and radical identity

tensions within nationalism

- rational v romantic nationalism
- progressive v regressive nationalism
- inclusive v exclusive nationalism
- nationalism v internationalism
- expansionist nationalism v nativism
- liberal v conservative nationalism
- racialism v multiculturalism

Johann von Herder view on the state

states can only be rightfully based upon the collective identity of a people with a common cultural and linguistic heritage

Johann von Herder view on human nature

people see their own identity in terms of the collective identity of a culture group with common language and history

Johann von Herder view on society

society is a culture concept, based on a shared scene of culture and heritage

Johann von Herder view on the economy

made no relationship between nation and the economy

Jean-Jacques Rousseau view on the economy

saw no particular relationship between nationalism and the economy

Jean-Jacques Rousseau view on the state

the basis of any legitimate state has to be the nation as the nation is the vehicle of self-determination

Jean-Jacques Rousseau view on society

political society must be based on national self-determination

Jean-Jacques Rousseau view on human nature

people are rational beings who desire their own freedom

giuseppe mazzini view on human nature

people have a romantic vision of their origins, they seek liberty, but it is contained in the liberty of the people to which they belong

giuseppe mazzini view on the state

the state is a romantic ideal, the ultimate expression of the unity of the people

giuseppe mazzini view on society

society must allow personal freedom to flourish. individuals can be free only if a whole society is also free

giuseppe mazzini view on the economy

economic freedom is a natural result of genral freedom enjoyed by the nations and their people

charles maurras view on the economy

the superior culture of one nation naturally leads to the economic dominance of that nation over weaker ones

charles maurras view on the state

various states do not have equal status, with some peoples and states being superior to others

charles maurras view on society

society is based on a shared scene of ethnicity, with some societies being forms of civilisations to others

charles maurras view on human nature

ethnic identity is a key aspect of our consciousness

Marcus Garvey view on human nature

all people are part of either a white race or a black race, though the white race has dominated the black race, the latter can claim a superior history and culture

Marcus Garvey view on society

black society will be superior to white society once the colonial oppression of black people is defeated

Marcus Garvey view on the state

states are largly artificial constructs, the priducts of white supremacy. the only meaningful state should be the united black people of the world

Marcus Garvey view on the economy

opposed both international capitalism, which leads to imperialism, and communism, which leads to a dictatorship. black peoples should set up their pwn form of capitalism for their pwn benefit

liberalism

- proposes the establishment of liberal democracy of new nations

- the freedom of individuals is seen as synonymous with the freedom of the nation as a whole

- liberal nationalists repcect the soverignty of other legitimate states

- the liberal state is more important that the nation state. nationalism should serve the state

Conservativism

- tends to stress the organic nature of the nation rather than individualism

- patriotism is seen as a key social characteristic

- states are either excessively defensive and seek to preserve national traditions or can be expansionist and seek to spread national values to other peoples

Expansionist nationalism

opposed to all aspects of liberal nationalism. Most notably, expansionist nationalism rejects the right to national self-determination.

self-determination

Concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves

Volksgeist

Term originally used by Johan Gottfried von Herder in 1784 which says that all true culture or civilization must arise from the native common people of a country. In other words each country needs its own unique national character. The concept reflects the characteristics of that nation and in a broader sense its 'way of life.'

national identity

the sense of a being part of the whole of a country including its culture, traditions, language, and politics

sovereign nations

An area with population that has recognized final authority within their borders; independent nations

Internationalism

A national policy of actively trading with foreign countries to foster peace and prosperity

Garveyism

identifies black pride, economic development, nationalism, and pan-americanism

features of Garveyism

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Integral Nationalism

An intense, even hysterical, form of nationalist enthusiasm, in which individual identity is absorbed within the national community. closely linked towards those countries that adopt a strong military ethos during their struggle for independence

Expansionist Nationalism

a radical form of imperialism that incorporates autonomous, patriotic sentiments with a belief in expansionism. It is most closely associated with the likes of Nazism (National-socialism) and American Manifest Destiny and also shares some commonalities with and neo-conservatism.

what Volksgeist emphasises

a sense of continuity with previous generations and is thereby associated with the strand of thought known as conservative nationalism.