Stress, Illness, and the Immune System Flashcards

A set of 30 fill-in-the-blank practice flashcards covering terminology, models, immune system structures, and behavioral strategies from Chapter 4 study notes.

Infection refers to an invation of the body by a harmful __________ in the body tissues and systems.

micro

A disease is defined as a __________ condition that usually has recognized patterns of signs and symptoms.

pathological

Duchenne muscular dystrophy is an example of a disease caused by __________ defects.

genetic

Illness refers to the unhealthy state caused by the __________.

disease

The immune system consists of the body’s organs, tissues, and cells designed to protect the body against infections and __________.

harmful substances

The sick role involves illness behaviour where people evaluate symptoms, seek medical care, and look for support and __________ from others when feeling ill.

empathy

__________ gains are rewards from being ill, which are some of the few positive aspects that come with illness.

Secondary

The Social Readjustment rating scale (SRRS) measures stressors using __________ (LCU).

life change unit

The Bedford College Life events and difficulties schedule (LEDS) uses a semi-structured interview and a panel of trained __________.

raters

According to the Daily Hassles Model, hassles like waiting in a queue or traffic jams play a bigger role in illness than __________ change events.

life

Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) was first published by Solomon and __________.

moos

Stress plays a role in __________ to $80\%$ of all illnesses and diseases.

$$50\%$$

The first layer of defense in the immune system consists of the skin and __________ membranes.

mucous

The adaptive immune system takes __________ to $5$ days to be activated against an invader.

$$4$$

__________ are the most common white blood cells, making up over $50\%$ of the total number of leukocytes.

Neutrophils

Natural killer cells are programmed to recognize cells that are __________, such as tumor cells.

nonself

The __________ develops mature T cells from immature bone marrow lymphoid stem cells.

thymus

T helper cells have a surface molecule known as __________ that enables them to respond to targeted antigens.

CD4

T cytotoxic cells have a surface receptor known as __________ which assists them in locking onto targeted antigens.

CD8

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) attacks __________ T cells.

CD4

B cells produce antibodies called __________, which are soluble proteins circulating in the bloodstream.

immunoglobulins

There are __________ distinct kinds of antibodies: IgA, IgE, IgM, IgG, and IgD.

$$5$$

Cellular-mediated immunity is governed by Type 1 T helper cells, designated as __________.

Th1

Humoral immunity involves Type 2 T helper cells, designated as __________.

Th2

__________ are chemical messenger molecules, sometimes thought of as hormones of the immune system, that stimulate immune responses.

Cytokines

During acute stressors, catecholamines such as __________ temporally boost immunological activity.

noreponeprine

Immune dysregulation involving underreacting of the immune system can cause __________ and other viral infections.

cancer

The hormones activated during chronic stress that contribute to immunosuppression are cortisol and __________.

glucocorticoids

Regular moderate exercise consisting of $30\text{--}45$ minutes of __________ walks is effective for boosting the immune system.

brisk

Smokers experience reduced NK cell activity, antibody responses, and functional capacity of __________.

leukocytes