Ap gov unit 3

Civil Liberties

fundamental rights and freedoms protected from infringement by the government

Civil Rights

protections from discrimination as a member of a particular group

Bill of Rights

a list of fundamental rights and freedoms that individuals possess

Due Process Clause

no STATE can deny a person “life, liberty, or property without due process of law”

Selective Incorporation

The Bill of Rights did NOT apply to the states. Language specifically protects citizens from FEDERAL government

Establishment Clause

protection against the government requiring citizens to join or support a religion

Free Exercise Clause

protection of the rights of individuals to exercise and express their religious beliefs

Freedom of Expression

a fundamental right affirmed in the First Amendment to speak, publish, and protest

Clear and Present Danger Test

legal standard that speech posing an immediate and serious threat to national security is not protected by the First Amendment

Prior Restraint

the suppression of material prior to publication on the grounds that it might endanger national security

Symbolic Speech

Protected expression in the form of images, signs, and other symbols

Libel

an untrue written statement that injures a person’s reputation

Slander

an untrue spoken expression that injures a person’s reputation

Ex Post Facto Laws

laws criminalizing conduct that was legal at the time it occurred

Bill of Attainder

a law passed by Congress punishing an individual without a trial

Writ of Habeas Corpus

a document setting out reasons for an arrest or detention

Double Jeopardy

protects an individual acquitted of a crime from being charged with the same crime again in the same jurisdiction

Miranda Rights

The right to remain silent and to have an attorney present during questioning. These rights must be given by police to individuals suspected of criminal activity.

Civil Rights

protections for individuals from discrimination based on race, national origin, religion, sex, and other characteristics, ensuring equal treatment under the law

Thirteenth Amendment

prohibited slavery

Fourteenth Amendment

granted citizenship to persons born in the United States

Equal Protection Clause

has been used to protect civil rights of Americans from
discrimination based on race, national origin, religion, gender, and other characteristics

Fifteenth Amendment

granted the right to vote to male African Americans

Separate but Equal

racially segregated but ostensibly ensuring equal opportunities to all races.

Legal Segregation

separation by law of individuals based on race

De Jure Segregation

legal segregation

De Facto Segregation

separation of individuals based on characteristics that arise not by law but because of other factors, such as residential housing patterns

Affirmative Action

A policy designed to address the consequences of previous
discrimination by providing special consideration to individuals
based upon their characteristics, such as race or gender.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

legislation outlawing racial segregation in public places and
authorized the attorney general to sue individual school districts that failed to desegregate

Voting Rights Act of 1965

legislation outlawing literacy tests and authorizing the Justice
Department to send federal officers to register voters in areas with a history of voter discrimination

Nineteenth Amendment

The woman's right to vote

Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972

legislation prohibiting sex discrimination in schools receiving
federal aid