fundamental rights and freedoms protected from infringement by the government
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Civil Rights
protections from discrimination as a member of a particular group
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Bill of Rights
a list of fundamental rights and freedoms that individuals possess
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Due Process Clause
no STATE can deny a person “life, liberty, or property without due process of law”
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Selective Incorporation
The Bill of Rights did NOT apply to the states. Language specifically protects citizens from FEDERAL government
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Establishment Clause
protection against the government requiring citizens to join or support a religion
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Free Exercise Clause
protection of the rights of individuals to exercise and express their religious beliefs
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Freedom of Expression
a fundamental right affirmed in the First Amendment to speak, publish, and protest
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Clear and Present Danger Test
legal standard that speech posing an immediate and serious threat to national security is not protected by the First Amendment
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Prior Restraint
the suppression of material prior to publication on the grounds that it might endanger national security
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Symbolic Speech
Protected expression in the form of images, signs, and other symbols
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Libel
an untrue written statement that injures a person’s reputation
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Slander
an untrue spoken expression that injures a person’s reputation
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Ex Post Facto Laws
laws criminalizing conduct that was legal at the time it occurred
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Bill of Attainder
a law passed by Congress punishing an individual without a trial
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Writ of Habeas Corpus
a document setting out reasons for an arrest or detention
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Double Jeopardy
protects an individual acquitted of a crime from being charged with the same crime again in the same jurisdiction
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Miranda Rights
The right to remain silent and to have an attorney present during questioning. These rights must be given by police to individuals suspected of criminal activity.
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Civil Rights
protections for individuals from discrimination based on race, national origin, religion, sex, and other characteristics, ensuring equal treatment under the law
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Thirteenth Amendment
prohibited slavery
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Fourteenth Amendment
granted citizenship to persons born in the United States
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Equal Protection Clause
has been used to protect civil rights of Americans from discrimination based on race, national origin, religion, gender, and other characteristics
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Fifteenth Amendment
granted the right to vote to male African Americans
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Separate but Equal
racially segregated but ostensibly ensuring equal opportunities to all races.
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Legal Segregation
separation by law of individuals based on race
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De Jure Segregation
legal segregation
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De Facto Segregation
separation of individuals based on characteristics that arise not by law but because of other factors, such as residential housing patterns
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Affirmative Action
A policy designed to address the consequences of previous discrimination by providing special consideration to individuals based upon their characteristics, such as race or gender.
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Civil Rights Act of 1964
legislation outlawing racial segregation in public places and authorized the attorney general to sue individual school districts that failed to desegregate
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Voting Rights Act of 1965
legislation outlawing literacy tests and authorizing the Justice Department to send federal officers to register voters in areas with a history of voter discrimination
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Nineteenth Amendment
The woman's right to vote
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Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972
legislation prohibiting sex discrimination in schools receiving federal aid
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