AP Human Geography Review Flashcards

Flashcards to help review key concepts from AP Human Geography notes.

What are the 5 Themes of Geography?

Location, Place, Human-Environment Interaction, Movement, Regions

What are the components of Location?

Relative Location and Absolute Location (latitude and longitude)

What is Place?

The distinctive physical and human characteristics of an area

What is Human-Environment Interaction?

How humans interact with their environment

What is Movement?

The mobility of individuals, goods, and ideas; patterns that alter human spatial interactions, accessibility & connectivity of places

What are Regions?

An area that displays a specific criteria with one or more distinctive characteristics

Name two key areas of Physical Geography.

Topography, Climate, Flora and Fauna, Soil

Name two key areas of Human Geography.

Culture, Population, Economic, Political

What are the 4 forms of Distortion?

Shape of area, Direction between points, Distance between points, Relative size of place

What is an Isoline Map?

A thematic map that uses lines of equal value to represent data like elevation, barometric pressure, or temperature.

What is a Choropleth Map?

A thematic map that shows data by shading patterns or colors.

What is a Graduated Symbol Map?

A thematic map where the size of the symbol is proportionate to the intensity of the data.

What is a Dot Map?

A thematic map where the amount of dots represents the frequency of that data.

What is a Cartogram?

A thematic map that uses the size of a political unit to display the value of a piece of data.

What does L stand for in LACEMOPS?

Latitude (farther from the equator, the colder it gets)

What does A stand for in LACEMOPS?

Air Masses (cold air from polar regions, hot air from the tropics)

What does C stand for in LACEMOPS?

Continentality (water moderates climate, inland has more extreme weather)

What does E stand for in LACEMOPS?

Elevation (higher elevation, colder it is; temp decreases 3.5 degrees for each 1,000ft increase)

What does M stand for in LACEMOPS?

Mountain barriers (windward vs. leeward side; mountains block wind, creating deserts on leeward side)

What does O stand for in LACEMOPS?

Ocean currents (cold currents bring dry cool air, warm currents bring warm wet air)

What does P stand for in LACEMOPS?

Pressure cells (high - heavy, cold air; low - warm, light air; heat rises, cooler denser air sinks)

What does S stand for in LACEMOPS?

Storms (thunderstorms where polar and western lines meet; hot and cold air masses collide)

How do cyclones spin in the northern hemisphere?

Counter-clockwise

How do cyclones spin in the southern hemisphere?

Clockwise

What is the air pressure in Deserts and what are their moisture levels?

High and Dry

Which moves more frequently within a country, men or women?

Women

Which moves more frequently between countries, men or women?

Men

What age demographic is the most likely to migrate and why?

Adults, since families are more difficult to transport

How do large cities grow?

More by migration rather than natural increase

Is migration more likely in areas with commerce development or undeveloped regions?

Commerce development

What is the major stream of migration?

Rural to urban

What is the major explanation for migration?

Economic reasons

What does Goode’Interrupted projection minimize and what does it interrupt?

Minimizes distortion, interrupts Antarctica and oceans

What is accurate about the Conic projection and what size area is it accurate for?

Distance and directions are accurate for relatively small zones

What shape does the Planar projection show and what is stretched out?

Half the earth at a time, stretches out when closer to the edge

What does the Mercator projection distort and what is it good for?

Distorts shape and size of land masses, good direction and maintains distance, used for sea travel

What does the Robinson projection show correctly and how are the poles shown?

Shows landforms correctly, proportional, poles are shown as a straight line

What is accurate about the Gall-peters projection?

Sizes of land masses are accurate, shows correct geographic relationships better

Which projection maintains accurate size and shape but doesn’t use cardinal directions?

Fuller Projection

What shape is the Winkel Tripel projection and where is distortion found?

Rounder in shape with distortion near north and south poles

What do Primary countries do?

Extract resources from the earth

What do Secondary countries do?

Make or refine products from raw materials

What do Tertiary countries do?

Provide services

What do Quaternary countries do?

Provide information and management

What is considered a MDC?

Most developed countries (United States, Canada, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, Western European countries)

What is considered a NIC?

Newly developed countries (China, India, Malaysia, Thailand, Philippines, South Africa, Turkey, Brazil, Mexico)

What is considered an LDC?

Least developed countries (Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi)

What is Cartography?

Science of mapmaking

What do Reference maps show?

Geography of a map without the political data

What does Map scale define?

Level of detail and the amount of area covered

What is a small scale?

1/1,000,000 (more distribution, zoomed out)

What is a large scale?

1/25,000 (less distribution, zoomed in)

What is Scale of analysis?

Observational data at a global, national, regional, and local scale; how data is organized and presented on map

What is Scale of inquiry?

Asking what best scale of analysis would be for a certain topic, how data is grouped together

What is Absolute distance?

Distance in quantitative terms; such as miles or kilometers

What is Relative distance?

Qualitative distance; such as 20 min south, 30 min north, description of place

What is Clustering?

How close objects are over a geographical space

What is Dispersal?

How far objects are spread out

What are Meridians?

Run between the North and South poles; 0 degrees (prime meridian) to 180 degrees east/west longitude

What are Parallels?

Form right Ls with meridians; latitude; 0 degrees (equator) to 90 North/South

How many time zones are there and how often do they change?

24 time zones, time zone changes every 15 degrees longitude

What is Greenwich mean time (GMT)?

At the prime meridian in Greenwich England, master reference time for all points on earth

What is GPS?

Absolute mathematical position; satellites in orbit, tracking stations to monitor, receiver satellites

What is GIS?

Computer system, layers data

What is Site?

Physical characteristic of a place; Ex: climate, labor force

What is Situation?

Is the location of a place relative to the places around it

What is a Formal region?

A uniform homogeneous region; everywhere has one common trait with distinct boundaries separating itself from other regions

What is a Functional region?

Nodal, has a center and characteristics diffuse outward

What is a Perceptual region?

Vernacular, people believe the region exists due to their cultural identity

What is Culture?

What people care about (beliefs, values); what people take care of (materials)

What is Archipelago?

Chain of islands

What is Spatial distribution?

The way something is arranged on earth's surface

What is Density?

number of times something occurs

What is Concentration?

spread of something in space

What is Pattern?

where it occurs

What is Relocation diffusion?

Spreads through the physical movement of people

What is Expansion diffusion?

Spread of a feature through an additive process

What is Hierarchical diffusion?

Spreading of a feature through nodes of authority

What is Contagious diffusion?

Rapid, widespread characteristic spreading throughout a population

What is Stimulus diffusion?

Spread of an underlying principle even though characteristic itself fails to diffuse; idea diffuses but the original idea has changed

What is Reverse hierarchical diffusion?

Lower class characteristics spread to higher classes

What is Distance decay?

The decrease of an effect due to distance

What are the three parts of Wallerstein’s theory?

Core countries, Peripheral countries, Semi-periphery countries

What does International scale of analysis focus on?

Focuses on the spatial relation between countries

What does National scale of analysis focus on?

Focuses on economic change in a single country

What are the Pillars of stability?

Environment pillar, Economy Pillar, Society Pillar

What is Environmental determinism?

Physical environment causes social development, environment causes success of a place

What is Possibilism?

People control the environment to a high extent

What is Weather?

Daily condition of an atmosphere, temperature and precipitation

What is Climate?

Average weather measured over a period of time

What is Qualitative data?

Opinion based, not measurable

What is Census?

Every 10 years is an official count of individuals in a population and collection of geographic data

Where is ⅔ of the population?

East asia, South asia, Southeast asia, Europe

What are factors of Site and situation of population clusters?

Low-lying areas, fertile soil, temperate climate, near ocean/rivers with access to ocean

What are factors of sparsely populated regions?

Dry/wet/cold/high lands, too harsh for people to live and grow food

Stage 1 of the Demographic Transition Model (DMT)

Low growth - very high birth and death rates, no long term natural increase, no countries present today

Stage 2 of the Demographic Transition Model (DMT)

High growth - rapidly declining death rates and very high birth rates, high natural increase, Europe and North America entered stage 2 as result of the industrial revolution (1750); Africa, Asia, and Latin America entered stage 2 in 1950 because of the medical revolution

Stage 3 of the Demographic Transition Model (DMT)

Moderate growth - rapid decline in birth rates, steady decline in death rates, natural increase is moderate, gap between CBR (crude birth rate) and CDR (crude death rate) is smaller; most European countries and North America transitioned to stage 3, during first half of twentieth century

Stage 4 of the Demographic Transition Model (DMT)

Low growth - very low birth and death rates, no longer term increase, possible decrease in population, (ZPG) - zero population growth, the only population change results from immigration

Stage 5 of the Demographic Transition Model (DMT)

Decline, low CBR, increasing CDR, more ederly than young, negative NIR (no increase in population)