tectonic plates

Abraham Ortelius

Guy who made the first world atlas

Sir Francis Bacon

Guy who used inductive reasoning and Noah’s flood as catastrophism to explain things

Inductive reasoning

Using scientific observations to make generalizations

Deductive reasoning

Using rules to explain observations

Catastrophism

Things are explained using catastrophes

Uniformitarianism

Small things occur over a long period of time to create change

Antonio Pellegrini

Guy saw same fossils in North America and Europe

Permatism

General idea that the continents were in fixed positions connected by land bridges that sunk to create oceans

Expanding earth model

Permatism suggesting that all continents were touching but the Earth is expanding, and the cracks created oceans

Cooling and contracting earth model

Permatism suggesting the earth cooling is making folds making mountains

Mohorovicic

Guy who used changes in seismic waves to determine the layers of the Earth

Mobilism

The opposite of permatism

Frank Taylor

Guy who noted the Great lakes were mobile and had a theory called Earth’s plan where continents moved as sheets

Glacial rebound

Occurs when the weight of an ice sheet during the ice age is removed and the crust returns depending on how far away from the centre mass

Alfred Wegener

Guy who proposed continental drift and came up with Pangea

Climate belts, glaciers, fossil belts

3 evidence for Wegener’s continental drift

Arthur Holmes

Guy noted radioactivity in minerals

Convection currents

In the mantle where hot rock move up and cold down, creating a good mixing continous cycle

Magma

Melted rock that has a mixture of fluids and crystals

Igneous rock

Magma hardens into…

Apparent polar wander curves

The magnetic poles apparently diverge, some pointing North and others pointing South

Second World War, Cold War

What two things resulted in antisubmarine warefare and the need for sonar devices

Marie Tharp and Bruze Heezen

Two geezers who released a map of the sea floor with unprecedented amounts of detail with ridges, rift valleys, and trenches

Harold Hess

Came up with geopoetry and seafloor spreading

Seafloor spreading

Where new ocean floor is created when new seafloor is formed where the mantle is rising and destroyed where teh trenches are

Edges

Sea floor is older at the…

Centre

Sea floor is younger at the…

Centre

Continental crust is older at the…

Edges

Continental crust is younger at the…

Magnetometers

OG used to detect submarines but also can lock in the magnetic signature of rocks

Magnetic stripes

Hypothesis where the seafloor records the magnetic polarity of that time in symmetrical thingies

Vine-Matthews-Morely

Hypothesis of magnetic stripes

Iceland

The only place in the world where mid ocean ridge comes above sea level

Trenches

WHERE old ocean floor is pushed below things like plates

Subduction

WHEN plates are pushed down and recycled into the mantle

Benioff zone

The seismic zone of a subduction zone

Tuzo Wilson

UofT guy who used seafloor spreading to explain a bunch of shit

Guyots

Harold Hess came up with these sea mountains

Hot spots

Where volcanoes form a line over stationary mantle plumes because of moving continent

Mantle plumes

Where mantle rises cause its hot, stationary things

Divergent margins

Where things are created

Convergent margins

Where things are destroyed

Transform margins

Where plates move past each other without creating or destroying

150-200 million years

The age limit to the sea floor before subducting

The Wilson Cycle

Lasts around 500 million years and explains the creation and destruction of supercontinents

Alfred Wegener

Who came up with Pangea?

Charles Lyell

Who came up with uniformitarianism?

Harold Hess

Who came up with guyots?

Harold Hess

Who came up with seafloor spreading?

Atlantic

What is an example of a mature ocean?

Pacific

What is an example of a dying ocean?

Red Sea

What is an example of an embryonic/juvenile ocean?

Earthquake

The release of pent up energy

Focus

The source of earthquake energy

Epicenter

Spot on the surface directly above the focus, around 10-800km, traces out plate boundaries

Fault

A fracture surrounded by sliding rock that gets sticky and BOOM causes tension (think warm vs cold chocolate bar)

Fault plane

Surface where the movement of a fault is, fracture when two rocks slide past each other

Fault scarp

Visible evidence of slippage of faults on land

Intraplate

Earthquakes occuring in the centres of plates

Plate boundaries

Earthquakes usually trace out…

Subduct

Oceanic crust converging with other oceanic of continental crust will always…

Obduction zones

Continental crust converging with continental crust produces these zones causing crust to thicken and fold

Crust

The outer layer of silica rich rocks.

Continental crust

Rich in silica, lighter in color, lower density, thicker

Oceanic crust

Lower in silica, darker in color, higher density, thinner

Lower

The higher amount in silica the… the density

Density

The lower amount in silica the higher the…

Isostasy

Rising and sinking of land

Lower

Oceanic crust is denser and therefore sits … than continental crust

Continents

Sections of continental crust which are embedded in larger tectonic plates

Active

Margin that coincides with both plate and continental margin

Passive

Margin that is only a continental margin NOT a plate margin

Only continental margin

Passive margin is…

Solid

All rock in mantle plumes are…

Atolls

Old retired hot spot volcanoes which sink and are characterized with hella corals

Guyots

Sea mounts that are worn away volcanoes long moved off of the hot spot

Japan

Earthquake nation, source of the science of seismology

Seismogram

Wiggly line of weight measuring earthquake

Richter Scale

Older scale that measures the amplitude of deflection on seismogram

Moment magnitude scale

Measures the energy released by the rupture of a fault

32

One increment on the moment magnitude scale is how many times of energy

Surface

Earthquake wave that travels along the surface and is the more destructive one

Primary

Body wave that is the fastest, shaking in the direction of the propogation of the wave, compressional

Primary

Which body wave can travel in both solids and liquids?

Secondary

Body wave that involves shaking perpendicularly to the propogation of the wave (rope), shear

Secondary

Which body wave cannot travel through liquids?

Liquid

What state is the outer core?

Earth’s magnetic field

Why is the outer core liquid?

Outer

This core conducts liquid spinning around the centre creating a magnetic field

Solid

The inner core is more dense, making it which state?

Meteorites

How do we know that the inner core is made of nickel alloy?

Lithoprobe

Bouncing sound waves off of the boundaries of different types of material

Lithosphere

The crust and the cooler upper layer of the mantle

Asthenosphere

The weak, squishy part of the mantle

Mohorovicic Discontinuity

The boundary between the crust and the mantle

Subduction zones

Downwelling of the mantle occurs at…

Mantle plumes, spreading centres

Upwelling of mantle occurs at…

Rock

Naturally formed, consolidated material composed of grains or more minerals.

Minerals

Crystalline solid with specific chemical compositions and are the building blocks of rocks