VM 515 Midterm

Animal Welfare

the physical and mental state of an animal in relation to the conditions in which it lives and dies

Three Spheres of Welfare

Biological functioning, natural living, and affective state

The Five Freedoms

Freedom from Hunger and Thirst, Freedom from Discomfort, Freedom from Pain, Injury or Disease, Freedom to Express Normal Behavior, Freedom from Fear and Distress

The Five Domains

Nutrition, Physical Environment, Health, Behavioral Interaction, and Mental/Affective State

Biological Functioning

one of the three spheres of welfare, contains domains of nutrition and health, and the freedom from hunger and thirst and pain, injury, and disease; indicators include growth, survival, reproduction, nutrition, and health status

Pathology

the study of disease, good indicator of welfare because it identifies abnormalities and directs treatment, limitations include the animal already being sick and may not indicate the root problem

Epidemiology

study of patterns of disease, advantages include effective monitoring when incidence is low and can identify risk factors, limitations include the number of subjects and can be time consuming

Controlled Experiments

use dependent and independent variables to determine causality, advantages include strong causal inferences and useful if treatments are widely available, limitations on limited external validity and ethical constraints

Meta-Analysis

use data generated from previous studies of similar design and aims to derive patterns, advantages include minimal use of animals and large sample sizes, limitations include only as good as the data used and spans long periods of time

Affective State

one of the 3 spheres of welfare including the domain of mental state and the freedoms from hunger/thirst, discomfort, and fear and distress

Measuring Emotions

indirectly measured by observing behavior, physiology, communication, preference/motivation, and cognitive bias

Pain

an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with, or resembling that associated with, actual or potential tissue damage

Grimace Scale

use facial action units to measure pain in animals, includes specific muscular movements that change the position of the ears and whiskers, tighten eyes, and open the nostrils, among other changes when perceiving pain

Validation Constructs

with (P) and without (p) condition causing pain, with (A) and without (a) effective analgesia and/or anesthesia; valid measures Pa > PA = pA = pa

Good Welfare Indicator

validity = measuring the intended parameter, reliability = repeatable results, robustness = does measurement hold true, practicality = used in real-world settings

Abuse

willful failing to provide care or doing something harmful

Neglect

lack of care, often resulting from ignorance, poverty, or extenuating circumstances (can be unintentional)

Cruelty

any act that, by intention or neglect, causes an animal unnecessary pain or suffering

Animal

Michigan legal definition: any vertebrate other than a human being

Humane Methods of Slaughter Act 1958

requires that livestock are insensitive to pain at the time of death, regulated through USDA, excludes religious slaughter

Animal Welfare Act 1966

primary animal welfare federal law, protects animals in research and exhibition, requires minimum standards of animal care for some sectors, not meant to be a broad anti-cruelty law

Horse Protection Act 1970

targets soring in horses, prohibits showing, sale, auction, exhibition, or transportation of sored horses

Prevention of Animal Cruelty and Torture (PACT) 2019

expanded criminal liability for extreme acts of abuse, criminalized the conduct of animal crush videos, excludes hunting, trapping, fishing, farm practice, euthanasia, and research

Public Health Service Policy (PHS)

not a law but institutions must follow standards of animal care to receive NIH finding

Medial Plane

divides head, body, or limb longitudinally into equal right and left halves

Sagittal Plane

passes through the head, body or limb parallel to the medial plane, not necessarily equal halves

Transverse Plane

across the body, divides into cranial and caudal sections, not necessarily equal

Dorsal Plane

divides the body into dorsal and ventral portions, perpendicular to median and transverse planes

Head Region

contains the mouth, orbit (eye), and ears

Neck Region

contains cervical spine

Thorax Region

thoracic spine, pulmonary and cardiac organs, and forelimb

Forelimb Parts

contains the shoulder, brachium, elbow, antebrachium, carpus, manus

Abdomen Region

contains the lumbar spine, cranial/middle/caudal abdomen

Pelvic Region

contains the sacral spine, and pelvic limb, perineal/perianal/urogenital region

Pelvic Limb Parts

contains the hip, stifle, tarsus, and pes

Cranial

toward the head

Caudal

toward the tail, if on head it means away from the nose

Rostral

on head, toward the nose

Palmar

underside below carpus, only for front legs

Plantar

underside below tarsus/hock, only on back legs

Dorsal

back side

Ventral

belly side

Superior

above or upper

Inferior

below or lower

Proximal

closer to the body

Distal

more distant from body

Medial

toward medial plane

Lateral

away from medial plane

Superficial

toward the exterior

Deep

toward the interior

Recumbancy

laying down, preceding adjective is what side is down

Hierarchy of Controls (Biosecurity)

elimination, substitution, engineering, administrative, and PPE (in order of most to least effective)