BIOS 255 Wk 7 EDAPT: The Respiratory System: Physiology with expert curated questions and answers-Chamberlain

The relationship between pressure and volume in a closed space is described by

Boyle's Law

Which gas is the most common in the atmosphere?

Nitrogen

Which is not considered a conducting zone structure?

alveoli

In spirometry, what is the definition of tidal volume (TV)?

The volume of air inhaled or exhaled during a normal, quiet breath.

Which lung volume represents the air that remains in the lungs after a maximal exhalation and never leaves, maintaining lung elasticity?

residual volume (RV)

What is a function of anatomical dead space in the respiratory system?

Humidification and filtration of inhaled air

Which calculate describes the total amount of air inhaled per minute?

Minute ventilation rate

A client has a tidal volume of 650 mL/breath, an anatomical dead space of 150 mL, and a respiratory rate of 20 breaths/min. Calculate the client's alveolar rate (AVR)

10 L/min

What is the primary purpose of measuring functional residual capacity (FRC) in spirometry?

To assess the amount of air left in the lungs after a normal exhalation

What is a characteristic of restrictive lung disorders?

Decreased lung compliance

Because gas exchange does it occur within the conducting zone of the respiratory system, it is also referred to as

Anatomical dead space

A client has a tidal volume of 600 mL/breath and a respiratory rate of 15 breaths/min. Calculate the client's minute respiratory volume (MRV)?

9 L/min

Which are obstructive lung disorders?

Asthma

Chronic bronchitis

Complete each phrase with the correct term

1. The residual volume is the amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced exhalation

2. The volume of air exchanged during normal breathing is called the tidal volume

3. The amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal inspiration is called the Inspiratory reserve volume

4. The vital capacity is the maximum volume of air a person can exhale after a maximal inhalation

What is the approximate volume of the anatomical dead space in the respiratory system?

150 mL

Which transport mechanism do gases such as oxygen and carbon dioxide use to move across cell membranes?

Simple diffusion

Which type of epithelium is found in the alveolar walls?

simple squamous epithelium

Hemoglobin (Hb) can bind up to _ molecule(s) of oxygen

4

Which gas has the highest partial pressure in atmospheric air?

Nitrogen (N2)

Which gas law states that the solubility of a gas is proportional to its partial pressure?

Henry's Law

What is the primary molecule responsible for transporting oxygen in the blood to systemic tissues?

hemoglobin

What percentage of carbon dioxide is bound to hemoglobin to form carbaminohemoglobin?

5%

Which are forms in which carbon dioxide can be transported in the blood? Select all that apply

In plasma in the form of bicarbonate ions

Bound to hemoglobin

Dissolved in plasma

What physiological response occurs when active tissues consume oxygen rapidly, resulting in a low partial pressure of oxygen (PO2)?

hemoglobin releases more oxygen

What is the partial pressure of O2 in a room with 800 mmHg of air pressure, 25% O2, and 1400 liters of air?

200 mmHg

What is the primary route used for transporting carbon dioxide through the blood?

formation of carbonic acid

If a person is hyperventilating, how might this affect the concentration of bicarbonate ions in the blood?

decrease

The PO2 in a blood vessel going to the lungs would be _, and _ in a blood vessel leaving the lungs

40 mmHg, 95 mmHg

Which factors would decrease hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen?

Increased temperature

Having a fever

Decreased partial pressure

If a specific part of the lungs is poorly ventilated, what vascular response if likely to occur to optimize oxygen delivery?

Vasoconstriction

How does the solubility of gases affect their exchange in the respiratory system?

Gases with higher solubility diffuse more rapidly.

Which brain structure contains neurons that control breathing?

brain stem

A temporary cessation of breathing, usually during sleep, is clinically known as

apnea

What is the main muscle of respiration that accounts for two-thirds of breathing?

diaphragm

Which respiratory centers are found within the medulla oblongata?

Ventral respiratory group (VRG)

Dorsal respiratory group (DRG)

Which group of neurons in the brain stem allows for respiratory adaptations during activities such as sleep, crying, and speech?

pontine respiratory group (PRG)

Which sensory receptors detect changes in the pH of cerebrospinal fluid?

Central chemoreceptors

In which vessels are peripheral chemoreceptors found?

Common carotid artery

Aorta

During an asthma attach, a patient experiences bronchoconstriction and increased coughing in response to foreign agents in the airway. Which type of sensory receptors is primarily responsible for this response?

Irritant receptors

Which group of neurons in the brain stem is primarily responsible for generating the rhythmic patterns of respiratory movements?

ventral respiratory group (VRG)

A client is admitted to the hospital with symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), including Kussmaul respirations. Which statement accurately describes Kussmul respirations?

Kussmal respirations are deep, labored, and often rapid

A client in the intensive care unit exhibits a pattern of breathing that gradually increases in depth and rate, followed by a gradual decrease and temporary pause in breathing observed during sleep. Which abnormal breathing pattern foes this most likely represent?

Cheyne-Stokes respiration

In a client with a severe brain stem injury, which group of neurons located in the medulla oblongata is most likely affected if there is a loss of control over respiratory functions?

ventral respiratory group (VRG)

In a client with severe metabolic acidosis, which sensory receptors are likely to play a crucial role in a regulating the respiratory rate to compensate for the acidosis?

peripheral chemoreceptors

Which term describes a difficult or labored respiratory rhythm?

dyspnea

What is the primary function of the pontine respiratory group (PRG) in the brain stem?

Modifies respiratory rhythm and patterns

When the pH of the body becomes too acidic, what is the primary respiratory response to restore acid-base balance?

hyperventilation

Which body system is responsible for eliminating hydrogen ions and reabsorbing bicarbonate?

urinary system

How does one perform the Valsalva maneuver?

Forced exhalation against a closed airway.

How is hypoxia best defined?

deficiency of oxygen in tissue

Which acute respiratory disorder is primarily caused by bacterial infection and can lead to the alveoli filling with fluid and dead leukocytes, impairing gas exchange?

pneumonia

Which acute respiratory infection is primarily transmitted through contact with contaminated hands to mucous membranes, and its symptoms often include congestion, sneezing, coughing, and nasal secretions?

acute rhinitis

Match the disease to its appropriate description

Emphysema: a condition where the alveoli fuse together, leading to a decrease in surface area for gas exchange. Air gets trapped over time, causing a "barrel chest" appearance

Chronic bronchitis: a severe inflammation of the lower respiratory tract in which excess mucus accumulates and a thick mixture of sputum is produced

Match each cancer to its appropriate description

Adenocarcinoma: the most common form of lung cancer which tends to be localized in the outer regions of the lungs

Small cell carcinoma: the least common form of lung cancer but the most dangerous as it tends to metastasize through the mediastinum and other surrounding tissues

Squamous cell carcinoma: the type of lung cancer that tends to found in the central airways

What type of cells in the lungs does SARS-CoV-2 virus primarily target?

type 2 alveolar cells

Which virus is responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic?

SARS-CoV-2

How does the respiratory system influence the nervous system?

By affecting the pH of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Which form of lung cancer is localized in the outer regions of the lungs and has high success rates with treatment in its early stages?

adenocarcinoma

Which body system does the Valsalva maneuver aid?

Urination

What is the primary cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?

cigarette smoking

Which malignancy originates in the lamina propria of the bronchi?

adenocarcinoma

What is the primary mode of transmission for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)?

airborne transmission

Identify the characteristic of the type of lung cancer

Small cell carcinoma:

Originates in the main bronchi but invades the mediastinum and metastasizes quickly

Is the least common form of lung cancer

Is the most dangerous form of lung cancer

Squamous cell carcinoma:

Dense masses of keratin appear in lung tissue

Ciliated pseudostratified epithelium transforms into stratified squamous epithelium

Is the second most common form of lung cancer

Adenocarcinoma:

Is the most common form of lung cancer

Originates in the mucus glands of the lamina propria