Organic Compounds: Unit 2 Part B

Inorganic Compound

does not contain both C and H (ex. H2O and NaCl

Organic Compound

does contain both C and H (polymer macromolecule)

Four

How many classes of organic compounds?

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids

The 4 classes of organic compounds

Macromolecule

a LARGE molecule

Polymer

special type of macromolecule made of smaller individual units called monomers

Good analogy for polymer

A train because trains are large but made up of small units hooked together.

Main function of Carbohydrates

Energy source for living things. They provide chemical energy

2-3% of body mass

Abundance of Carbohydrates

Contain C, H, and O

Elemental Composition of Carbohydrates

carbon atoms form rings and have polar covalent bonds

Structure of the carbon backbone

Monomer

Any small unit that can be used to build a polymer

Monosaccharide

a single sugar molecule; the monomer for carbohydrates

Examples of monosaccharides

Glucose: main energy source for animal cells

Fructose: main energy source for plant cells; called fruit sugar

Galactose

Deoxyribose & ribose: part of DNA & RNA

Disaccharide

Compound made of two monosaccharides bonded together

Examples of disaccharides

Sucrose and Lactose

Sucrose

Made of glucose and fructose bonded together

The common name for sucrose

table sugar

Short term energy

The function for sucrose and lactose

Lactose

made of glucose and galactose bonded together

Common name for lactose

milk sugar

Oligosaccharide

Compound made of three or more monosaccharides bonded together

Polysaccharide

large polymer compound made of many monomers (>50) bonded together

Starch, Cellulose, Glycogen

Three main polysaccharides

Starch

Found only in plants

Function of starch

Stored energy: the only digestible polysaccharide in our diet

Cellulose

Found only in plants. Does not function as stored energy like other carbs

True

Humans cannot digest cellulose in the diet

Fiber

Cellulose is called

Water

Cellulose attracts ___ to the lumen (hollow space) inside the large intestine

Because cellulose attracts water to the lumen, it

keeps material inside large intestine moist and keeps it moving at a regular pace (preventing constipation)

Cellulose

Most abundant organic compound on Earth

Function of cellulose

Provides support to plant cells

Glycogen

Found only in animal cells, specifically in liver cells and muscle cells

Function of glycogen

stored energy

What happens when glycogen is catabolized

Broken down into glucose monitors and glucose is used by cells for energy

They are bonded to another compound

Some carbohydrates are conjugated which means …

Glycolipid, Glycoprotein, Proteoyglycan

Examples of conjugated carbohydrates

Glycolipid

Lipid with a carb bonded to it. Found in cell membrane

Glycoprotein

Protein with a carb bonded to it. Found in cell membrane and composes mucus

Proteoglycan

A carb with a protein bonded to it. Forms gel like structures in cartilage and the eye

Lipid

A hydrophobic organic compound that does not mix with water

They vary in structure and function

Lipids are diverse because

They are hydrophobic thus containing non-polar bonds

What do all lipids have in common

18-25% of body mass

Abundance of lipids

C, H, O and some have P

Elemental composition of lipids

Three

How many major classes of lipid polymers

Fat

Triglycerides are also called

Function of triglycerides (a)

Long term energy store: fat stores provide stored energy for the long term. You may never use this energy

Function of triglycerides (b)

Protection: Fat protects organs. Ex. kidneys and eyes are surrounded by a layer of fat

Function of triglycerides (c)

Insulation: Fat keeps the body warm. Animals living in the arctic region like polar bears and whales have a lot of “blubber” which is fat

Adipose (fat) tissue

Location of triglycerides

long chains with non-polar covalent bonds

Structure of the carbon backbone (triglyceride)

one molecule of glycerol and three fatty acids

Triglyceride monomer recipe

Saturated Fatty Acid

No double bonds between carbon atoms. Are solid at room temperature. Found in animals. An example is butter

Unsaturated Fatty Acid

Has double bonds between carbon atoms. Are liquid at room temperature. Generally called “oils”. Found in plants. An example is vegetable oil

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid

A special type of fatty acid having many double bonds

Glycogen: short term and Triglyceride: long term

Glycogen and Triglycerides are what kind of stored energy

True

Glycogen has energy your body need to get through the day or for between meals

Form the cell membrane

Phospholipid Function

Monomers/building blocks of phospholipids

same as triglycerides but contain a phosphate group

Long chain of carbons with both polar and non-polar regions

Structure of carbon backbone of phospholipids

Polar region

Head region and is hydrophillic

Non polar region

Tail region and is hydrophobic

Steroids

Have diverse functions

Carbon atoms form rings and have non-polar covalent bonds

Structure of carbon backbone of steriods

Examples of steroids

Cholesterol, some hormones like estrogen & testosterone and Vitamin D

True

Cholesterol is part of the cell membrane and is important in digestion of fats

The three lipids are

Triglycerides, Phospholipids, and Steroids.

Function of proteins (a)

Form structures like muscle, hair and nails.

Function of proteins (b)

Communication: form some hormones such as insulin

Function of proteins (c)

Form enzymes

12-18% of body mass

Abundance of proteins

Elemental composition of proteins

C, H, O, and N

Monomers of proteins

Amino Acids

20

How many naturally occurring amino acids are there

Polar and non polar

The bonds of proteins can be

Why do the bonds of proteins vary

Due to the amino acids present as some have polar and some have non-polar bonds.

Dipeptide

Compound made of 2 animo acids bonded together

Tripeptide

Compound made of 3 amino acids bonded together

Polypeptide (protein)

A large polymer compound made of many animo acid monomers

Average size of a protein

3000 amino acids

Range of a protein

50 to 10,000 amino acids

Four

How many levels of protein structures are there

What are the levels of protein structure

Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary Level

Primary Level (protein)

The specific sequence of amino acids determined by a gene

Secondary Level (protein)

Primary level will twist and bend. It can bend into coil like structures or sheet structures. Stabilized by H bonds.

Tertiary Level (protein)

The three dimensional “shape”. All proteins have a specific shape.

Why is tertiary structure important (protein)

In order for a protein to function it must have the correct shape. If the shape is disrupted the protein will not function.

Denaturation

To disrupt the shape of a protein

What can denature a protein

pH changes (too acidic or basic) and temperature (too hot or cold)

Quaternary Level (protein)

Not all proteins have this level. Only proteins that are part of a protein complex have this structure.

Why is maintaining proper pH and body temperature important

Changes to pH and temperature can denature proteins which means they will not function

Protein complex

Protein made of more than 1 polypeptide chain. Quaternary structure is the way the chains are arranged in the complex

Enzyme

A molecule that catalyzes a reaction

Catalyze

To allow a reaction to occur

True

Most enzymes are proteins

Substrate

The molecule an enzyme acts on.

One

How many substrates are enzymes specific to

Example of substrate

Lactose is the substrate of the lactase enzyme. It breaks the bond between monomers in lactose