A&P 2 Chaper 3 - The cardiovascular system- Heart

The heart is best described as a

pump

How many times can the heart pump in one minute

75

Where is the heart located

In the mediastinum between the heart and lungs

The heart is surrounded by

pericardium

The innermost layer of the pericardium and the outer surface of the heart consisting of mesothelium and areolar connective tissue

Epicardium; visceral pericardium

When performing CPR how far should the person be pumping into the chest

5 cm

WHen perfroming CPR how many beats should there be per minute

103

What are the upper chambers of the heart

Left and right aorta

What is the function of the upper chambers of the heart

to contract and transport blood to the lower chambers

What are the lower chambers

right and left ventricle

WHat is the function of the lower chambers of the heart

pumps blood from the heart to the rest of the body

transports blood to and from the lungs picking up oxygen and delivering CO2 for exhalation

Pulmonary circuit

transports blood to all body tissue returning deoxygenated blood and CO2 back to the lungs

Systemic circuit

Where does gas exchange occur

Pulmonary capillaries

Where is deoxygenated blood dumped

pulmonary trunk

Where does oxygenated blood pass through

Pulmonary vessels

This disorder carditis and can result in blood regurgitation of the heart

Mitral valve

l regurgitation

rigidity of the heart valve due to calcification

Stenosis

largest section of the heart consisting of cardiac muscle cells

Myocardium

The swirling pattern of myocardium allows the heart to function as a

syncytium

Which side of the lower chamber is thicker and is more equipped to pump blood systemically

Left ventricle

Blood pumped to the lungs is made possible by the

Right ventricle

This layer is composed of endothelium and lines the heart valves

Endocardium

This caused caused the lack of oxygen to the heart caused by plaque in the arteries

Myocardial Infarction

This is caused by plaque build up in the arterial walls of the heart resulting in obstruction of blood flow; angina pectoris may occur due to hypoxia

Coronary artery disease

the most prominent feature of cardiac muscle is

intercalated disc

Cardiac muscles are the only muscle that can produce

autorhymicity

What heart cell is responsible the contractions that pump blood throughout the body

Myocardial contractile cells

heart cells responsible for initiating and prognating action potential in the heart

Myocardial conducting cell

Contractile cells go through long refractory periods and short relaxation periods to prevent what

tetany

The electrical activity of the heart is measured by the

Electrocardiogram

abnormal patterns of the heart beat is an indication of

Fibrillation

interruption of conduction pathway

Heart Block

this process begins with atrial systole and ends with ventricular diastole

Cardiac cycle

this type of heart sound is healthy and described as a “Lub”

S1

This heart sound is healthy and described as a “Dub”

S2

This sound is not typical in healthy people but can be heard in athletes and pregnant people; if this is heard in older people it could indicate congestive heart failure

S3

This sound could indicate failure of the left ventricle

S4

What is used to record sounds of the heart

Phonocardiograms or auscultograms

abnormal heart sounds due to turbulent blood flow

Murmur

clicking siund of the heart due to the oepning of a mitral valve

Mitral Valve Prolapse

stiffening of the heart valves

Mitral stenosis

scarring or thickening of the aortic valve

Aortic sclerosis

regulatory functions of the heart includes

endocrine and neural function

Measure how much blood propels from each ventricle

Cardiac output

the amount of blood propeled from each ventricle

Stroke volume

What factors can influence stroke volume

heart size, fitness level, gender, contractility

What factors influence cardiac out put

autonomic function, hormones, age fitness level

What is the maximum heart rate range

200-220

What is the normal HR range

60-100 bpm

What is an indication of Brachy cardia

HR below 60 bpm

What is an indication of Tachycardia

HR above 100 bpm

Tachycardia would typically occur on what kind of people

pregnant woman and people under high stress

What are the factors of tachycardia

hyperthyroidism, overproduction of catecholamines, cardiomyopathy

constant heart stimulation control by sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves of the medulla oblongata; includes the Vagus Nerve

Autonomic tone

stimulates cardiac activity via sympathetic nervous system

Cardioacceleration region

inhibits cardiac activity via the parasympathetic system

cardioinhibtory region

parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers form the

cardiac plexus

WHat doe sympathetic fibers release

norepinephrine

WHat does norepinephrine do for the heart

Decreases repolarization, increases heart rate

What does parasympatheic release

ACH

What does acetylcholine do for the heart

increases repolarization, decreases heart rate

Were are visceral receptors found

Within the vagus and sympathetic nerves

What do visceral receptors consist of

baroreceptors chemoreceptors proprioceptor

What visceral receptor is involved in increased activity

proprioceptor

what is important for heart function

Cardiac reflex

What is the stretch receptor

Baroreceptor

WHat reflex detects blood flow of the atria

Atrial Reflex

What visceral receptor detects changes in CO2 lactic acid and falling oxygen levels

Chemoreceptor

What is the first functional organ to develop

the heart

How many weeks after fertilization does the developing heart start pumping blood

3 weeks

18 to 19 days after fertilization what embryonic tissue develops

mesoderm

Blood pumped from the left side goes to the

body

Blood pumped from the right side of the heart goes to

the lungs

What us the first layer of heart tissue

visceral pericardium

membrane that lines the heart

parietal pericardium

Blood going to the heart is

cardiac circulation

What part of the heart brings blood from the lower half of the body

inferior vena cava

What part of the heart brings blood from the upper half of the body

superior vena cava

these keep the valves in place

Chordae tendineae

deepest lat=yer of h=the heart wall

pectinate muscle

deepest muscle of the heart

Trabeculae Carneae

What drives blood flow in the heart

pressure

What separates the ventricles

interventricular septum

What lowers blood pressure

atrial natriuretic peptide

What are the components in MI blood testing

creatine kinase, cardiac troponin and atrial natriuretic peptide

a result of atherosclerosis; when the blood vessels are non compliant

Arteriosclerosis

What do intercalated disc do

helps propagate the action potential

these cells have long refectory periods and short relaxation periods to prevent tetany; heart spasm

Contractile cells

What is an SA node is the hearts

pacemaker

How many beats a minute do SA nodes go

75

The SA node and AV node are in the right atrium

Right atrium

How many beats does a AV node in a minute

60

The Atrioventricular bundle goes how many beats in a minute

30

The Purkinje fibers go

15 beats

The AV bundle is located in

interventricular septum

The Purkinje fibers are located in the

ventricular walls

period of heart contraction

Systole

Period of heart relaxation

Diastole

The preload measures the

EDV