Sree Marella - Chapter 1 : What is Biotechnology

Ahmed - 7th period

What is the definition of biotechnology?

Biotechnology is the use of living organisms or biological systems to develop or create products, often involving genetic manipulation for agricultural, medical, and industrial applications.

What are the three traditional biotechnology tools?

Selective breeding, fermentation, tissue culture.

What are two examples of modern biotechnology product

genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and biopharmaceuticals.

When did the modern biotechnology industry begin?

The modern biotechnology industry began in the 1970s, marked by advancements in recombinant DNA technology.

when did early humans begin selectively breeding plants and animals?

Early humans began selectively breeding plants and animals over 10,000 years ago, around the time of the Agricultural Revolution.

When was wine first invented?

Wine was first invented around 6000 BC in regions of Georgia and Iran, where early fermentation techniques were developed.

Who invented brewing and cheese making and when?

Brewing and cheese making were developed by ancient civilizations around 6000 BC, although specific inventors are unknown.

What was the first antibiotic used? which culture? when

The first antibiotic used was penicillin, discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1928. It was first used in medical treatments during World War II.

Who invented the smallpox vaccine? when?

The smallpox vaccine was invented by Edward Jenner in 1796, using cowpox to provide immunity.

Who discovered proteins?

Proteins were first discovered by Jakob Berzelius in the early 19th century, but their significance and structure were later elucidated by scientists like Emil Fischer.

When was the origin of species published?

The origin of species was published in 1859 by Charles Darwin, presenting the theory of evolution by natural selection.

When was pasteurization first developed?

Pasteurization was first developed by Louis Pasteur in the 1860s as a method to prevent spoilage in beverages like wine and milk.

When did Mendel establish the principles of genetics?

Mendel established the principles of genetics in 1865 through his experiments with pea plants, demonstrating how traits are inherited.

Who developed the first rabies vaccines?

Louis Pasteur in 1885, demonstrating principles of immunization.

Who discovered DNA was the carrier of genetic information?

James Watson and Francis Crick, in 1953, elucidated the double-helix structure of DNA and its role in heredity.

When was the double helix structure of DNA discovered?

The double helix structure of DNA was discovered in 1953 by James Watson and Francis Crick, revealing how genetic information is stored and transmitted.

When was mRNA discovered

mRNA was discovered in 1961 by François Jacob and Jacques Monod, which led to a better understanding of the genetic code and protein synthesis.

When was the gene first completely synthesized?

In 1979, the first synthetic gene was created by Walter Gilbert and coworkers, demonstrating the capability to construct artificial DNA sequences.

When was the recombinant insulin produced?

Recombinant insulin was produced in 1978 by scientists at Genentech, marking a significant advancement in biotechnology for diabetes treatment.

When was DNA fingerprinting used

DNA fingerprinting was first used in 1984 by Sir Alec Jeffreys, revolutionizing forensic science and paternity testing.

When were the first genetically modified tobacco grown

The first genetically modified tobacco plants were grown in 1983, marking a pivotal moment in the field of genetic engineering.

when was the human genome project first launched

The Human Genome Project was first launched in 1990, aimed at mapping and understanding all the genes of the human species.

When was golden rice developed?

Golden rice was developed in the late 1990s, aiming to combat vitamin A deficiency in developing countries.

What was the first cloned mammal?

Dolly the sheep, cloned in 1996 from an adult somatic cell. She was the first mammal to be cloned from an adult.

When was the first HPV vaccine approved?

The first HPV vaccine was approved in 2006, aiming to prevent cervical cancer and other HPV-related diseases.

When was the first self-replicating bacterial cell called?

Synthetic life, created in 2010 by the J. Craig Venter Institute.

When was CRISPR Cas9 used for gene editing

2012

When were the mRNA vaccine first used?

2021

When was pasteurization first developed?

1861

When did Mendel establish the principles of genetics?

1865

What are the different sectors in biotechnology?

Medicine, research, agriculture, manufacturing

What are the key techniques in biotechnology?

molecular biology, cell biology, genetic engineering

What is the ethical consideration around biotechnology?

safety, long-term affects, equity (access)

What are the tools in biotechnology?

Whole cells, DNA, RNA, proteins

What are two of the key instruments in biotechnology?

spectrophotometers for light absorption, PCR machines

What is chromatography?

Sorting

What is gene transfer?

delivery

What is protein purification?

final product

What is a spectrophotometer?

an instrument used for light absorption

What is PCR?

tool for DNA replications

What are the key concepts behind using biotechnology in national defense?

biosurveillance

Which company was the founding biotechnology company? What was their first product?

genentech - humulin

What is the difference between biotech and pharmaceutical industries?

biotech = biological drugs

pharma = chemical drugs

Who are the key users of biotechnology?

life sciences, healthcare, agriculture, agriculture, forensics, national defense

What is genomics?

study of entire genome

What is proteomics?

study of protein expressions

What is precision medicine?

Targetted for individual genetic profiles

What happens during the drug discovery phase of drug development?

Lab animal testing

What happens during phase I clinical trials?

testing safety

What happens during phase II clinical trials?

testing drug effectiveness

What happens during phase III clinical trials?

confirming results

After trials ?

FDA scrutiny

What are the four common hazards in a lab?

chemical biological physical fire-related

What does OSHA recommend for safety

training, PPE, procedural awareness

what must initial and reoccurring training require?

equipment location, safe handling, emergency responses

what is PPE?

personal protective equipment

When should PPE be worn?

at all times

what is eye protection?

goggles and splash guards

what is hand protection?

gloves

what are body/feet protection?

lab coats and close-toed shoes

what is the MSDS?

instruction for each chemical

when should fume hoods be used?

when dealing with fire/Bunsen burners

what are biosafety levels?

level of safety of the materials used/ severity of lab experiment

what is BS1

used for non-disease-causing organisms

What is BS2

human samples

What is BS3 and 4

high-level pathogens

how should microorganisms be disposed?

via autoclave or 10% bleach

what tools measure volume?

graduated cylinder, volumetric flask, pipettes

what tools measure mass?

analytical balances

what is normal body temp?

37 degrees C

what is normal room temp?

22 degrees C

what are pH meters?

instruments used to measure pH levels

how should glassware be cleaned?

wash with detergent, water, dry, sterilize

what is an autoclave?

a machine used to sterilize equipment

what are the different methods from disinfection?

10% bleach for 15 mins, 70% ethanol, UV light

What is the purpose of a lab notebook

results and method storage

what are SI units

grams, liters, degrees C

what is the dilution formula?

C1V1=C2V2