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Whispering Campaign
Rumors were going around that Jefferson had intimate relations w/ one of his slaves, Sally Hemings, and she had 5 of his children; when Federalists slandered Jefferson to make him look bad before the election of 1800
Revolution of 1800
Electoral victory of Democratic Republicans (Jefferson) over the Federalists, who lost their Congressional majority and the presidency. The peaceful transfer of power between rival parties solidified faith in America's political system-"Return to original spirit of the revolution"
Aaron Burr
Aaron Burr was one of the leading Democratic-Republicans of New york, and served as a U.S. Senator from New York from 1791-1797. He was the principal opponent of Alexander Hamilton's Federalist policies. In the election of 1800, Burr won over NY votes for Jefferson, then tied with Jefferson in the Electoral College. The House of Representatives awarded the Presidency to Jefferson and made Burr Vice-President.
Thomas Jefferson
3rd President of the United States; democratic republican; disliked strong central government in favor of the people
Sally Hemings
A slave who was owned by Thomas Jefferson. Based on recent evidence from DNA and from the timing of Jefferson's visits to Monticello, most scholars now think it probable that Jefferson, a widower, was the father of one and possibly more of her four surviving children.
Naturalization Act of 1802
An act that was enacted by the Jeffersonians which reduced the unreasonable requirement of 14 years of residence for citizenship to the previous 5 year requirement.
Albert Gallatin
Secretary of Treasury to Jefferson who reduced the national debt and balanced the budget.
Judiciary Act of 1801
a law that increased the number of federal judges, allowing President John Adams to fill most of the new posts with Federalists
Midnight Judges
The 16 judges that were added by the Judiciary Act of 1801 that were called this because Adams signed their appointments late on the last day of his administration.
John Marshall
American Federalist jurist and politician who served as the chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (1801-1835) and helped establish the practice of judicial review.
William Marbury
"Midnight Judge" appointed as justice of the peace in District of Columbia in the Judiciary Act of 1801. Sued government because he was never appointed, which resulted in Marbury v. Madison and Judicial Review.
Samuel Chase
supreme court justice of whom the Democratic-Republican Congress tried to remove in retaliation of the John Marshall's decision regarding Marbury; was not removed due to a lack of votes in the Senate.
Pasha of Tripoli
North African leader who fought an undeclared war with the United States from 1801 to 1805; he declared war on the US because he was not satisfied by the protection money(bribes) sent by Jefferson
Tripolitan War
Conflict in 1801 when the pasha of Tripoli cut down the flagstaff of the American consulate, lasting four years, after which a treaty was reached for the sum of $60,000 to ransom captured Americans.
James Monroe and Robert R. Livingston
Jefferson sent a man to France to join the regular France minister in 1803 with $2 million to buy New Orleans and as much land east as possible. Spend max $10 million.
Louisiana Purchase
territory in western United States purchased from France in 1803 for $15 million; doubled the size of the US, avoided war with France; Jefferson saw this as a "Valley of Democracy" where he trusted self-sufficient farmers to move to to free up space in the seaboard
Merriwether Lewis and William Clark
sent by Jefferson in 1804 on an expedition across the US to the Pacific in order to map out the Louisiana Territory; the first was Jefferson's personal secretary while the second was an army officer
Corps of Discovery
The name given to the expedition led by Lewis and Clark in 1804-1806 that explored the Louisiana Purchase and the Oregon lands extending to the West Coast.
Sacajawea
A Shoshone Indian woman whose language skills and knowledge of geography helped Lewis and Clark on their expedition.
Zebulon M. Pike
American soldier and explorer whom Pikes Peak in Colorado is named. His expedition (1805-1807) is often compared to the lewis and Clark expedition, as it mapped much of the southern portion of the Louisianna Purchase.
Horatio Lord Nelson
British commander who crushed the French and Spanish fleets at the Battle of Trafalgar; Britain dominated seas
Battle of Austerlitz
This massive victory by the Napoleonic French caused Russia and the Austrians to suspend their support against France; France dominated land
Orders in Council (1806)
Edicts issued by the British Crown closing French-owned European ports to foreign shipping (including US). The French responded by ordering the seizure of all vessels entering British ports, thereby cutting off American merchants from trade with both parties.
Impressment
The British practice of taking American sailors from American ships and forcing them into the British navy; a factor in the War of 1812.
Chesapeake Affair
1807 - The American ship Chesapeake refused to allow the British on the Leopard to board to look for deserters. In response, the Leopard fired on the Chesapeake. As a result of the incident, the U.S. expelled all British ships from its waters until Britain issued an apology (1807 embargo)
Embargo Act
1807 act which ended all of America's importation and exportation. Jefferson hoped the act would pressure the French and British to recognize U.S. neutrality rights in exchange for U.S. goods. Really, however, just hurt Americans and our economy and got repealed in 1809.
Non-Intercourse Act
1809 - Replaced the Embargo of 1807. Unlike the Embargo, which forbade American trade with all foreign nations, this act only forbade trade with France and Britain. It did not succeed in changing British or French policy towards neutral ships, so it was replaced by Macon's Bill No. 2.
James Madison
"Father of the Constitution," Federalist leader, and fourth President of the United States; hurt by fractions in his own cabinet and foreign policies that weren't even his
Macon's Bill No. 2
1810 - Opened US trade back up to all of the world, but offered to resume embargo with whichever nation didn't lift its neutral trading restrictions first. France quickly changed its policies against neutral vessels, so the U.S. resumed trade with France, but not Britain.
War Hawks
(1811) Southerners and Westerners within the Twelfth Congress who were eager for war with Britain. They had a strong sense of nationalism, and they wanted to takeover British land in North America and expand.
Tecumseh and the Prophet
Two Shawnee brothers, Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa, that welded a far-flung confederacy of all the tribes east of the Mississippi. The Prophet was discredited by attacking a much larger American army, and Tecumseh was killed in the Battle of the Thames. Their actions were in response to the flood of western-bound settlers, and resulted in Indian unity and cultural revival. The death of Tecumseh ended the hope of an Indian confederacy.
Battle of Tippecanoe
Battle between Americans and Native Americans. William Henry Harrison led army to attack Tecumseh's headquarters, but Tecumseh was absent recruiting. The Prophet foolishly attacked the army with a small Shawnee force, brutally routed. Discredited prophet and drove Tecumseh into British alliance. Tecumseh dough with British until his death at the Battle of Thames in 1813. Led to talk of Canadian invasion and served as a cause to the War of 1812.
Felix Grundy
War hawk representative from Tennessee- three of his brothers were murdered- cried that there was only one way to remove the menace of the Indians: wipe out their Canadain base
War of 1812
A war between the U.S. and Great Britain caused by American outrage over the impressment of American sailors by the British, the British seizure of American ships, and British aid to the Indians attacking the Americans on the western frontier. Also, a war against Britain gave the U.S. an excuse to seize the British northwest posts and to annex Florida from Britain's ally Spain, and possibly even to seize Canada from Britain. The War Hawks argued for war in Congress. U.S. troops led by Andrew Jackson seized Florida and at one point the British managed to invade and burn Washington, D.C. The Treaty of Ghent (December 1814) restored the status quo and required the U.S. to give back Florida. Two weeks later, Andrew Jackson's troops defeated the British at the Battle of New Orleans, not knowing that a peace treaty had already been signed. The war strengthened American nationalism and encouraged the growth of industry.
Isaac Brock
(1769-1812) British general who helped stave off an American invasion of upper Canada during the War of 1812; led the British and Canadians to capture the American fort Michilimackinac; successfully captured Detroit from American forces in August of 1812 but was killed in battle later that year.
Old Ironsides
United States 44-gun frigate that was one of the first three naval ships built by the United States
Oliver Hazard Perry
Naval officer who led the US victory over the British on Lake Erie in 1813
General Harrison
defeated retreating redcoats at the Battle of the Thames; earlier defeated Tecumseh
Thomas Macdonough
In 1814, this U.S. naval commander defeated a British fleet on Lake Champlain. As a result the British had to retreat and abandon their plan to invade New York and New England.
Essex Junto (1804)
A group of extreme Federalists who wanted to secede from the U.S. and form a Northern Confederacy because they thought northern states would have less power after the Louisiana Purchase; led by Aaron Burr
Bladensburg Races
During the War of 1812, Americans were defeated when they didn't fight. Instead they ran away and the British captured D.C. and burned the White House.
Francis Scott Key
A washington lawyer who watched the all-night battle at Fort McHenry and showed his pride by writing what became the national anthem
Andrew Jackson
The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers.
Battle of New Orleans
A battle during the War of 1812 where the British army attempted to take New Orleans. Due to the foolish frontal attack, Jackson defeated them, which gave him an enormous popularity boost.
Congress of Vienna
(1814-1815 CE) Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon.
Treaty of Ghent
December 24, 1814 - Ended the War of 1812 and restored the status quo (omitted information about impressment, orders of council, indians, etc.). For the most part, territory captured in the war was returned to the original owner. It also set up a commission to determine the disputed Canada/U.S. border.
Hartford Convention
Meeting of Federalists near the end of the War of 1812 in which the party listed it's complaints against the ruling Republican Party (want monetary compensation, amendments regarding embargo/new states/war, abolish 3/5th compromise, stop "Virginia Dynasty." These actions were largley viewed as traitorous to the country and lost the Federalist much influence.
Virginia Dynasty
"dynasty" comprised of the four of the first five presidents (Washington, Jefferson, Madison, Monroe), all of whom were Virginian plantation owners
Creek War
Conflict fought in 1813 by "Red Stick" Creeks against fellow Creeks (more prone to white ways of life), Cherokee, and American militias. Spanish Florida supported them with supplies. Ended with the Treaty of Fort Jackson in 1814, imposed by Andrew Jackson, in which the Creek were forced to cede hundreds of thousands of acres of land.
Treaty of Fort Jackson
Signed late in 1814, ended the Creek War and forced all the Creek to give up 20 million of acres of their land.
Rush-Bagot Agreement
(1817) Agreement between the U.S. and Britain (which controlled Canada at that time) for mutual disarmament of the Great Lakes. Later expanded to an unarmed U.S.-Canada border.
Washington Irving and James Fenimore Cooper
The two most internationally recognized American writers (American themes) in the 1820s were
Stephen Decatur
American naval officer known for his heroic deeds in the Tripolitan War, the War of 1812, and skirmishes against the Barbary pirates.
Tariff of 1816
First protective tariff in American history, created primarily to shield New England manufacturers from the inflow of British goods after the War of 1812. 20-25 percent: not high enough, but served as a beginning.
Henry Clay's American System
Plan for economic growth: establish a protective tariff, establish a national bank, and improve the country's transporation system
Era of Good Feelings
(1816) A name for President Monroe's two terms, a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. Since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts. Later period of Monroe was troubled by tariffs, the bank, sell of public lands, and growing sectionalism.
Wildcat Banks
The banks of the western frontier. These banks were hit hard by the Panic of 1819. The Bank of the United States' response to the panic of 1819 made the nationalist bank a financial devil in the eyes of these banks.
panic of 1819
Economic panic caused by extensive speculation and a decline of Europena demand for American goods along with mismanagement within the Second Bank of the United States. Often cited as the end of the Era of Good Feelings.
Tallmadge Amendment
Sought to forbid the further introduction of slaves into Missouri and mandated that all children of slave parents born in the state after its admission should be free at the age of 25; failed to pass the Senate.
Peculiar Institution
A euphemism for slavery and the economic ramifications of it in the American South. The term aimed to explain away the seeming contradiction of legalized slavery in a country whose Declaration of Independence states that "all men are created equal". It was one of the key causes of the Civil War.
Henry Clay
A northern American (Kentucky) politician. He developed the American System as well as negotiated numerous compromises (Missouri Compromise)
Missouri Compromise
"Compromise of 1820" over the issue of slavery in Missouri. It was decided Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state and all states North of the 36th parallel were free states and all South were slave states.
McCulloch v. Maryland
In 1819, Maryland was trying to tax the Bank of the United States and Supreme Court ruled that federal law was stronger than the state law; states cannot tax federal institutions; affirms Bank is Constitutional; elastic clause; loose construction
loose construction
a broad interpretation of the Constitution, meaning that Congress has powers beyond those specifically given in the Constitution
Cohens v. Virginia
In 1821 Cohens found guilty by Virginia of selling illegal lottery tickets and convicted, but taken to supreme court, and Marshall asserted right of Supreme Court to review decisions of state supreme court decisions.
Gibbons v. Ogden
This case involved New York trying to grant a monopoly on waterborne trade between New York and New Jersey. Judge Marshal, of the Supreme Court, sternly reminded the state of New York that the Constitution gives Congress alone the control of interstate commerce. Commerce clause case (1824). Decision greatly enlarged Congress' interstate commerce clause power by broadly defining the meaning of "commerce" to include virtually all types of economic activity.
Fletcher v. Peck
1810
*Marshall Court decision
*The first time state law was voided on the grounds that it violated a principle of the United States Constitution
*The Georgia legislature had issued extensive land grants in a corrupt deal
*A Georgia legislative session repealed that action because of the corruption
*The Supreme Court decided that the original contract was valid, regardless of the corruption, due to it being a contract
*Reaffirmed the sanctity of contracts
Dartmouth College v. Woodward
1819--New Hampshire had attempted to take over Dartmouth College by revising its colonial charter given to it in 1769 by the king. The Court ruled that the charter was protected under the contract clause of the U. S. Constitution; upholds the sanctity of contracts.
John Quincy Adams
Secretary of State, He served as sixth president under Monroe. In 1819, he drew up the Adams-Onis Treaty in which Spain gave the United States Florida in exchange for the United States dropping its claims to Texas. The Monroe Doctrine was mostly Adams' work.
Adams-Onis Treaty
(1819) Spain ceded Florida to the United States and gave up its claims to the Oregon Territory in return for America giving up its Texas claims; reaction to Jackson invading Florida
George Canning
British foreign secretary; asked the American minister in London if the United States would band together with the British in a joint declaration renouncing any interest in acquiring Latin American territory, and specifically warning the European dictators to keep their harsh hands off the Latin American republics.
Monroe Doctrine
non-colonization and non-intervention; 1823 - Declared that Europe should not interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere and that any attempt at interference by a European power would be seen as a threat to the U.S. It also declared that a New World colony which has gained independence may not be recolonized by Europe. (It was written at a time when many South American nations were gaining independence). Only England, in particular George Canning, supported the Monroe Doctrine.
Russo-American Treaty of 1824
This treaty between Russia and America set the southern borders of Russian holdings in America at the line of 54 degrees- 40', the southern tip of Alaska.
Chisholm v. Georgia
(1793) Citizens of one state have the right to sue another state in federal court.
Ware v. Hylton
court case that declared that the federal government can strike down state laws; affirmed supremacy laws
Martin v. Hunter's Lessee
The Supreme Court can review the decisions of the highest state courts if they involve a federal law or the federal Constitution (Virginia tried to ignore Paris Treaty)
John Colter
First to see Yellowstone, member of Lewis and Clark expedition, first to trap in the rockies, first discover headwaters of sneak and colorado rivers; "mountain man"
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