Key Concepts on Enlightenment Thinkers and the French Revolution

This flashcard set covers key concepts from the lecture notes related to the Enlightenment thinkers Rousseau, Mill, Marx, and Fanon, as well as the context of the French Revolution and feminism.

What were Jean Jacques Rousseau's main contributions to political philosophy?

Rousseau focused on the importance of the social contract, legitimacy of government, human freedom, and the general will.

How did Rousseau view the state of nature?

He believed humans were naturally free and equal, and that inequalities arose from society, not nature.

What is the goal of Rousseau's 'Social Contract'?

To form a political community that protects individual freedoms while promoting the common good through the general will.

What did Rousseau mean by 'general will'?

The collective interest that aims at the common good and must be followed for a legitimate society.

How does Rousseau's view on freedom differ from Hobbes'?

Rousseau believed that true freedom comes from following the general will, while Hobbes defined freedom as the absence of constraints.

What did Rousseau mean by stating, 'Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains'?

He suggested that societal constraints prevent individuals from enjoying their natural freedom.

What critiques did Rousseau have regarding private property?

Rousseau argued that private property leads to social inequalities and conflicts, ultimately undermining true freedom.

What is Mill's 'harm principle'?

The government can only limit individual freedom to prevent harm to others.

Explain Mill's stance on individual liberty.

Mill advocated for maximum individual freedom and autonomy unless it infringed on the rights of others.

What is Mill's view on utilitarianism?

Utilitarianism aims to achieve the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people.

How does Marx view capitalism?

Marx believed capitalism leads to class struggle, exploitation, and social inequalities, necessitating revolutionary change.

What is the core argument of the Communist Manifesto regarding class struggle?

History is defined by the conflict between social classes, particularly between the bourgeoisie and proletariat.

What did Fanon advocate for in terms of colonialism?

Fanon argued that colonialism is inherently violent and demanded the use of revolutionary violence for liberation.

How does Fanon's concept of Manichean colonialism operate?

It divides the world into absolute opposites: settlers as good and natives as evil, perpetuating colonial violence.

What does Luxemburg argue is necessary for achieving true peace?

According to Luxemburg, true peace can only be achieved through the overthrow of capitalism, establishing socialism.

What significant feminist position does Olympe de Gouges advocate?

Gouges argued for political rights for women, including suffrage and equality before the law.

What were John Stuart Mill's contributions to gender equality?

He advocated for women's suffrage and argued that gender equality was essential for societal progress.

What are the dangers of conformity according to Mill?

Conformity stifles individuality and creativity, which are essential for societal progress.

What role does the legislator play in Rousseau's ideal society?

The legislator, as a neutral figure, creates laws that facilitate the common good without transferring power from the people.

What is Rousseau's belief about social inequality?

He maintained that social inequalities are socially constructed and not a reflection of natural differences among individuals.